Multifaceted Janus Textile Simultaneously Achieving Self-Sustainable Thermal Management, Perception, and Protection - Nano-Micro Letters The integration of personal thermal management, perception, protection, and comfort is essential for the development for next-generation textiles capable of performing in complex environments. Janus-designed textiles represent a promising route to this integration, offering adaptive dual-functionality. However, most current designs are limited to single-purpose applications, restricting their effectiveness in truly multifunctional scenarios. Here, we present a multifaceted Janus (X-Janus) textile that overcomes these limitations by combining innovative microporous polytetrafluoroethylene fibers with multidimensional nano- to microscale fibrils and MXene-coated carbon fabric. The X-Janus textile delivers multiple energy-independent functionalities: a spectral Janus design that enables adaptive thermal management through switchable radiative cooling or warming; an electrical Janus design that provides self-powered sensing and energy harvesting; and a wetting Janus design that ensures wearing comfort with waterproofness. Besides, the textile provides comprehensive protection including chemical resistance, electromagnetic interference shielding (56 dB), ultraviolet protection (UPF > 1,500), and flame retardancy. By integrating these advanced features, the X-Janus textile inspires new strategy for self-sustainable textiles, offering scalable solutions for outdoor safety, industrial wearables, and intelligent clothing where multifunctionality and environmental resilience are critical.

Multifaceted Janus Textile Simultaneously Achieving Self-Sustainable Thermal Management, Perception, and Protection

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 205 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Heterolayered Carbonized MXene/Polyimide Aerogel for Low-Reflection Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Multi-Spectrum Compatible Protection - Nano-Micro Letters The advancement of next-generation high-frequency communication systems and stealth detection technologies necessitate the development of efficient, multi-spectrum compatible shielding materials. However, the achievement of simultaneous high efficiency and low reflectivity across microwave, terahertz, and infrared spectra remains a formidable challenge. Herein, a carbonized MXene/polyimide (C-MXene/PI) aerogel material integrating a spatially coupled hierarchically anisotropic structure with stepwise conductivity gradients was constructed. Electromagnetic waves propagate through the top-down vertical disordered horizontal architecture and progressive conductivity gradient of C-MXene/PI aerogel, undergoing stepwise absorption–dissipation–re-dissipation processes. The C-MXene/PI aerogel exhibits an average electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of 91.0 dB in X-band and a reflection coefficient of 0.40. In the terahertz frequency band, the average EMI shielding performance reaches 66.2 dB with a reflection coefficient of 0.33. Furthermore, the heterolayered porous architecture of C-MXene/PI aerogels exhibits low thermal conductivity and reduced infrared emissivity, enabling exceptional infrared stealth capability across the 2–16 μm wavelength spectrum. This study provides an feasible strategy for constructing low-reflectivity multi-spectrum compatible shielding materials.

Heterolayered Carbonized MXene/Polyimide Aerogel for Low-Reflection Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Multi-Spectrum Compatible Protection

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 204 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Organic Phototransistor Photonic Synapses for Artificial Vision - Nano-Micro Letters The von Neumann architecture faces significant limitations, including low transmission efficiency and high energy consumption, when handling large-scale data and unstructured problems. Benefiting from the inherent merits of optical signals including high bandwidth, near-zero Joule heating, fast transmission speed, and immunity to electromagnetic interference, photonics provides a powerful pathway for high-speed neuromorphic computing. Together with the mechanical flexibility and largearea manufacturability of organic semiconductors, organic phototransistor (OPT)-based photonic synapses have therefore attracted extensive attention in recent years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in OPT-based photonic synapses, covering operational principles, active materials, advances in bidirectional photoresponse process, as well as cutting-edge applications. Finally, the current challenges and opportunities in this field are highlighted. Distinct from previous reviews, this review emphasizes an in-depth exploration of bidirectional photoresponse mechanisms, a systematic dissection of material–structure–function correlations enabling integrated sensing-memory technology, and emerging. Graphical abstract

Organic Phototransistor Photonic Synapses for Artificial Vision
Feng Ding, Di Xue*, Lifeng Chi* & Lizhen Huang*
Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 203 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Modulation of Trichromatic Emission Centers in Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications - Nano-Micro Letters Abstract Organic–inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have emerged as highly promising novel multifunctional optoelectronic materials, owing to their easily adjustable properties from a variety of combinations of different components. But it is still difficult and rare to realize highly tunable multicolor luminescence within the same material. In this work, we successfully incorporated three adjustable emission centers in OIMHs to synthesize a novel OIMH (NEA)2MnBr4, with each emission center capable of emitting one of the primary colors—red, green, and blue. The green and red emissions originate from the tetrahedron and octahedron structures in the Mn-based frame, while the blue can be attributed to the contribution of organic components. Additionally, to achieve comparable emission intensity among the three primary colors, we enhanced the blue emission performance by optimizing the ratio of organic structure components and incorporating chirality in the OIMHs. The resulting high-quality films can be obtained by spin-coating method with a photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 96%. More interestingly, by the dual manipulation of excitation wavelength and temperature, the sample can be emitted at least seven distinct colors including a standard white luminescence at (0.33, 0.33), opening up promising prospects for multicolor luminescence applications such as high-end anti-counterfeiting technology, light-emitting diodes, X-ray imaging, latent fingerprints, humidity detection, and so on. Therefore, based on application scenarios and requirements, our research on this highly tunable luminescent OIMH material lays a solid foundation for further development of various functional properties of related materials.

Modulation of Trichromatic Emission Centers in Organic–Inorganic Hybrids for Optoelectronic Applications

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 140 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Hydrogel Electrolytes for Zinc-Ion Batteries: Materials Design, Functional Strategies, and Future Perspectives - Nano-Micro Letters With the escalating demand for safe, sustainable, and high-performance energy storage systems, hydrogel electrolytes have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional liquid electrolytes in zinc-ion batteries. By integrating the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes with the mechanical robustness of solid frameworks, hydrogel electrolytes offer distinct advantages in suppressing zinc dendrite formation, enhancing interfacial stability, and enabling reliable operation under extreme environmental conditions. This review systematically summarizes the fundamental characteristics and design criteria of hydrogel electrolytes, including mechanical flexibility, ionic transport capabilities, and environmental adaptability. It further explores various compositional design strategies involving natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and composite systems, as well as the incorporation of electrolyte salts and functional additives. In addition, recent advances in functional optimization, such as anti-freezing properties, self-healing abilities, thermal responsiveness, and biocompatibility, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the review outlines the current challenges and proposes potential directions for future research.

Hydrogel Electrolytes for Zinc-Ion Batteries: Materials Design, Functional Strategies, and Future Perspectives
Zhengchu Zhang, Yongbiao Mu, Lijuan Xiao, Hengyuan Hu, Tao
Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 139 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Nanoreactor-Structured Defective MoS2: Suppressing Intercalation-Induced Phase Transitions and Enhancing Reversibility for Potassium-Ion Batteries - Nano-Micro Letters Conversion-type electrode materials hold significant promise for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities, yet their practical deployment is hindered by sluggish kinetics and irreversible structural degradation. To overcome these limitations, we propose a rationally engineered nanoreactor architecture that stabilizes defect-rich MoS2 via interlayer incorporation of a carbon monolayer, followed by encapsulation within a nitrogen-doped carbon shell, forming a MoSSe@NC heterostructure. This tailored structure synergistically accelerates both K+ diffusion kinetics and electron transfer, enabling unprecedented rate performance (107 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) and ultralong cyclability (86.5% capacity retention after 1200 cycles at 3 A g−1). Mechanistic insights reveal a distinctive “adsorption-conversion” pathway, where sulfur vacancies on exposed S–Mo–S basal planes act as preferential K+ adsorption sites, effectively suppressing parasitic phase transitions during intercalation. In situ X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy corroborate the structural reversibility of the conversion reaction, with the carbon matrix dynamically accommodating strain while preserving electrode integrity. This work not only advances the understanding of defect-driven interfacial chemistry in conversion-type materials but also provides a versatile strategy for designing high-performance anodes in next-generation PIBs through heterostructure engineering.

Nanoreactor-Structured Defective MoS2: Suppressing Intercalation-Induced Phase Transitions and Enhancing Reversibility for Potassium-Ion Batteries

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 138 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Direct Repair of the Crystal Structure and Coating Surface of Spent LiFePO4 Materials Enables Superfast Li-Ion Migration - Nano-Micro Letters The rapid accumulation of spent LiFePO4 (LFP) cathodes from retired lithium-ion batteries necessitates the development of effective and environmental-friendly recycling strategies. In this context, direct regeneration has emerged as a promising approach for reclaiming LFP cathode materials, offering a streamlined pathway to restore their electrochemical functionality. We report an integrated regeneration protocol that simultaneously repairs the degraded crystal structure and reconstructs the damaged carbon coating in spent LFP. The regenerated cathode material had superfast lithium-ion diffusion kinetics and a stable cathode–electrolyte interface, giving a remarkable rate capability with specific capacities of 122 mAh g−1 at 5C and 106 mAh g−1 at 10C (1C = 170 mA g−1). It also maintained capacities of 110.7 mAh g−1 (5C) and 84.1 mAh g−1 (10C) after 400 cycles. It could be used in harsh environments and could be stably cycled at subzero temperatures (− 10 and − 20 °C) and in solid-state electrolyte batteries. Life cycle assessment combined with economic evaluation using the EverBatt model reveals that this direct regeneration approach has high economic and environmental benefits.

Direct Repair of the Crystal Structure and Coating Surface of Spent LiFePO4 Materials Enables Superfast Li-Ion Migration

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 137 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Interfacial Evolution and Accelerated Aging Mechanism for LiFePO4/Graphite Pouch Batteries Under Multi-Step Indirect Activation
Yun Liu, Jinyang Dong*, Jialong Zhou, Yibiao Guan, Yimin
Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 136 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Coplanar Floating-Gate Antiferroelectric Transistor with Multifunctionality for All-in-One Analog Reservoir Computing - Nano-Micro Letters Analog reservoir computing (ARC) systems offer an energy-efficient platform for temporal information processing. However, their physical implementation typically requires disparate materials and device architectures for different system components, leading to complicated fabrication processes and increased system complexity. In this work, we present a coplanar floating-gate antiferroelectric field-effect transistor (FG AFeFET) that unifies multiple neural functionalities within a single device, enabling the physical implementation of a complete ARC system. By combining a coplanar layout design with an area ratio engineering strategy, we achieve tunable device behaviors, including volatile responses for artificial neuron emulation, nonvolatile states for synaptic functions, and fading memory dynamics for reservoir operations. The mechanisms underlying these functionalities and their operating mechanism are systematically elucidated using load line analysis and energy band diagrams. Leveraging these insights, we demonstrate an all-in-one ARC system based on the unified coplanar FG AFeFET architecture, which achieves recognition accuracies of 95.6% and 83.4% on the MNIST and Fashion-MNIST datasets, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of coplanar FG AFeFETs to deliver area-efficient, design-flexible neuromorphic hardware for next-generation computing systems.

Coplanar Floating-Gate Antiferroelectric Transistor with Multifunctionality for All-in-One Analog Reservoir Computing

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 202 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Textured and Hierarchically Porous Hematite Photoanode for Efficient Hydrogen Production via Photoelectrochemical Hydrazine Oxidation - Nano-Micro Letters The performance of hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting has been limited to around 2–5 mA cm−2 under standard conditions due to their short hole diffusion length and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction kinetics. This work overcomes those challenges through a synergistic strategy that co-designs the hematite architecture and the surface reaction pathway. We introduce a textured and hierarchically porous Ti-doped Fe2O3 (tp-Fe2O3) photoanode, synthesized via multi-cycle growth and flame annealing method. This unique architecture features a high texture (110), enlarged surface area, and hierarchically porous structure, which enable significantly enhanced bulk charge transport and interfacial charge transfer compared to typical nanorod Ti-doped Fe2O3 (nr-Fe2O3). As a result, the tp-Fe2O3 photoanode achieves a photocurrent density of 3.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE with exceptional stability over 105 h, notably without any co-catalyst. By replacing the OER with the hydrazine oxidation reaction, the photocurrent further reaches a record-high level of 7.1 mA cm−2 at 1.23 VRHE. Finally, when we integrate the tp-Fe2O3 with a commercial Si solar cell, it achieves a solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 8.7%—the highest reported value for any Fe2O3-based PV-tandem system. This work provides critical insights into rational Fe2O3 photoanode design and highlights the potential of hydrazine as an efficient alternative anodic reaction, enabling waste valorization.

Textured and Hierarchically Porous Hematite Photoanode for Efficient Hydrogen Production via Photoelectrochemical Hydrazine Oxidation

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 201 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Confining Li⁺ Solvation in Core–Shell Metal–Organic Frameworks for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries at 100 °C - Nano-Micro Letters The practical deployment of lithium metal batteries remains severely constrained, especially under elevated temperatures. Although metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) improve the thermal stability of liquid electrolytes by capturing them in well-ordered sub-nanopores, interparticle voids between MOF particles readily absorb liquid electrolyte, obscuring our understanding of the intrinsic role of nanopores in directing Li⁺ transport. To address this challenge, we introduce a one-dimensional (1D) MOF model architecture that eliminates interparticle effects and enables direct observation of Li⁺ solvation and de-solvation dynamics. Comparative studies of 1D HKUST-1 and ZIF-8 uncover distinct transport behaviors, supported by both experimental measurements and neural network potential-based molecular dynamics simulations. Building on these insights, we construct a hierarchical core–shell MOF architecture by integrating ZIF-8 (core) and HKUST-1 (shell) onto a hybrid fiber scaffold. This design harnesses the complementary strengths of both MOFs to achieve continuous ion pathways, directional Li⁺ conduction, and improved thermal and electrochemical resilience.

Confining Li⁺ Solvation in Core–Shell Metal–Organic Frameworks for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries at 100 °C
Minh Hai Nguyen, Jeongmin Shin, Mee-Ree Kim, Quan Van Nguyen, JinHyeok Cha* & Sangbaek Park*
Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 135 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

W/V Dual-Atom Doping MoS2-Mediated Phase Transition for Efficient Polysulfide Adsorption/Conversion Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Battery - Nano-Micro Letters The dissolvable polysulfides and sluggish Li2S conversion kinetics are acknowledged as two significant challenges in the application lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Herein, we introduce a dual-doping strategy to modulate the electronic structure of MoS2, thereby obtaining a multifunctional catalyst that serves as an efficient sulfur host. The W/V dual single-atom-doped MoS2 grown on carbon nanofibers (CMWVS) demonstrates a strong adsorption ability for lithium polysulfides, suppressing the shuttle effects. Additionally, the doping process also results in the phase transition from 2H-MoS2 to 1T-MoS2 and generates sufficient edge sulfur atoms, promoting the charge/electron transfer and enriching the reaction sites. All these merits contribute to the superior conversion reaction kinetics, leading to the outstanding Li–S battery performance. When fabricated as cathodes by compositing with sulfur, the CMWVS/S cathode delivers a high capacity of 1481.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 1672 mAh g−1) and maintains 816.3 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1.0 C, indicating outstanding cycling stability. Even under a high sulfur loading of 7.9 mg cm−2 and lean electrolyte conditions (E/S ratio of 9.0 μL mg−1), the cathode achieves a high areal capacity of 8.2 mAh cm−2, showing great promise for practical Li–S battery applications. This work broadens the scope of doping strategies in transition-metal dichalcogenides by tailoring their electronic structures, providing insightful direction for the rational development of high-efficiency electrocatalysts for advanced Li–S battery applications.

W/V Dual-Atom Doping MoS2-Mediated Phase Transition for Efficient Polysulfide Adsorption/Conversion Kinetics in Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Zhe Cui, Ping Feng*, Gang Zhong, Qingdong Ou* & Mingkai Liu*
Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 134 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Harnessing the Power from Ambient Moisture with Hygroscopic Materials - Nano-Micro Letters Moisture electricity generation (MEG) has emerged as a sustainable and versatile energy-harvesting technology capable of converting ubiquitous environmental moisture into electrical energy, which holds great promise for renewable energy and constructing self-powered electronics. In this review, we begin by outlining the fundamental mechanisms—ion diffusion, electric double layer formation, and streaming potential—that govern charge transport for MEG in moist environments. A comprehensive survey of material innovations follows, highlighting breakthroughs in carbon-based materials, conductive polymers, hydrogels, and bio-inspired systems that enhance MEG performance, scalability, and biocompatibility. We then explore a range of device architectures, from planar and layered systems to flexible, miniaturized, and textile-integrated designs, engineered for both energy conversion and sensor integration. Key challenges are analyzed, along with strategies for overcoming them. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on future directions, including hybrid energy systems, AI-assisted material design, and real-world deployment. This review presents a timely and comprehensive overview of MEG technologies and their trajectory toward practical and sustainable energy solutions.

Harnessing the Power from Ambient Moisture with Hygroscopic Materials
Daozhi Shen*, Fangzhou Li, Yanjie Su* & Limin Zhu*
Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 133 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Tri-Band Regulation and Split-Type Smart Photovoltaic Windows for Thermal Modulation of Energy-Saving Buildings in All-Season - Nano-Micro Letters Energy-saving buildings (ESBs) are an emerging green technology that can significantly reduce building-associated cooling and heating energy consumption, catering to the desire for carbon neutrality and sustainable development of society. Smart photovoltaic windows (SPWs) offer a promising platform for designing ESBs because they present the capability to regulate and harness solar energy. With frequent outbreaks of extreme weather all over the world, the achievement of exceptional energy-saving effect under different weather conditions is an inevitable trend for the development of ESBs but is hardly achieved via existing SPWs. Here, we substantially reduce the driving voltage of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals (PDLCs) by 28.1 % via molecular engineering while maintaining their high solar transmittance (Tsol = 83.8 %, transparent state) and solar modulating ability (ΔTsol = 80.5 %). By the assembly of perovskite solar cell and a broadband thermal-managing unit encompassing the electrical-responsive PDLCs, transparent high-emissivity SiO2 passive radiation-cooling, and Ag low-emissivity layers possesses, we present a tri-band regulation and split-type SPW possessing superb energy-saving effect in all-season. The perovskite solar cell can produce the electric power to stimulate the electrical-responsive behavior of the PDLCs, endowing the SPWs zero-energy input solar energy regulating characteristic, and compensate the daily energy consumption needed for ESBs. Moreover, the scalable manufacturing technology holds a great potential for the real-world applications.

Tri-Band Regulation and Split-Type Smart Photovoltaic Windows for Thermal Modulation of Energy-Saving Buildings in All-Season

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 132 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

High-Performance Cu-Based Liquid Thermocells Enabled by Thermosensitive Crystallization and Etched Carbon Cloth Electrode - Nano-Micro Letters Thermocells are garnering increasing attention as a promising thermoelectric technology for harvesting low-grade heat. However, their performance is often limited by the scarcity of high-performance redox couples that possess both high thermopower and rapid redox kinetics. This work addresses this challenge by leveraging our recently developed copper (I/II) (Cu+/Cu2+) redox couple. We significantly enhance the performance of Cu-based liquid thermocells by integrating a thermosensitive crystallization process with etched carbon cloth electrodes, achieving synergistic improvements in thermodynamic and kinetic performance. The thermosensitive crystallization process establishes a persistent Cu2+ concentration gradient, boosting the thermopower from 1.47 to 2.93 mV K−1. Moreover, the etched carbon cloth electrodes provide a larger electroactive surface area and demonstrate a higher current density. Consequently, the optimized Cu+/Cu2+ system achieved an exceptional normalized power density Pmax (ΔT)−2 of 3.97 mW m‒2 K−2. A thermocell module comprised of 20 cells directly power various electronic devices at a temperature difference of 40 K. This work successfully exhibits potential of Cu+/Cu2+ redox couple in thermoelectric conversion and introduces a valuable redox couple for high-performance thermocells.

High-Performance Cu-Based Liquid Thermocells Enabled by Thermosensitive Crystallization and Etched Carbon Cloth Electrode

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 131 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

High-Entropy Layered Hydroxides: Pioneering Synthesis, Mechanistic Insights, and Multifunctional Applications in Sustainable Energy and Biomedicine - Nano-Micro Letters High-entropy layered hydroxides (HELHs), an emerging frontier in entropy-stabilized materials derived from layered double hydroxides (LDHs), have captivated attention with their unparalleled tunability, thermodynamic stability, and electrochemical performance. The integration of the high-entropy concept into LDHs empowers HELHs to surmount the constraints of conventional materials through compositional diversity, structurally disordered configurations, and synergistic multi-element interactions. This review systematically embarks on their synthesis methodologies, functional mechanisms, and applications in energy conversion/storage and biomedicine. Advanced synthesis strategies, such as plasma-assisted hydrothermal methods, facilitate precise control over HELH architectures while supporting scalable production. HELHs demonstrate superior electrochemical performance in critical reactions, including oxygen evolution reaction, water oxidation, hydrogen evolution, and glucose electrooxidation. Future directions encompass integrating in situ characterization with simulations, leveraging machine learning for composition screening, and expanding HELHs application through interdisciplinary collaborations. This work establishes a comprehensive roadmap for advancing HELHs as next-generation multifunctional platforms for sustainable energy and biomedical technologies.

High-Entropy Layered Hydroxides: Pioneering Synthesis, Mechanistic Insights, and Multifunctional Applications in Sustainable Energy and Biomedicine

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 200 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

High Durability Sliding TENG with Enhanced Output Achieved by Capturing Multiple Region Charges for Harvesting Wind Energy - Nano-Micro Letters Improving the electric output and durability of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) remains a great challenge. In sliding-mode TENG, surface charge dissipation and charge leakage caused by the volume effect result in serious energy waste. In this work, a durable dual output mode TENG (DDO-TENG), which includes alteranting current and direct current output modes, is designed to capture the dissipating charges in the surface of charge space accumulation area and the inner leakage charge in porous network to further improve the output performance of sliding TENGs. The output charge density of DDO-TENG reaches 0.847 mC m−2, which is 2.39 times as that of the single mode device. In addition, it has strong durability, remaining 95.7% after over 271 k cycles, and it can continuously power electronics by harvesting wind energy. This work provides a strategy for achieving the improvement on output performance and durability and expands the application of TENG.

High Durability Sliding TENG with Enhanced Output Achieved by Capturing Multiple Region Charges for Harvesting Wind Energy

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 199 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Strong and Tough MXene-Induced Bacterial Cellulose Macrofibers for AIoT Textile Electronics - Nano-Micro Letters Textile electronics with extraordinary sensing capabilities holds significant potential in the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT). However, little effort is paid to their mutual advantages of robust interfacial interactions, ultra-strong mechanical performance, and stability. Herein, we fabricate homogeneous and multifunctional core–shell macrofibers by integrating bridge-functionalized MXene/PEDOT:PSS conductive ink with aligned bacterial cellulose (BC). These resulting macrofibers feature mechanical properties (tensile strength of 433.2 MPa and the Young’s modulus of 25.9 GPa), exceptional electrical conductivity (10.05 S cm−1) and durable hydrophobicity. Such superior robustness allows for the fabrication of the macrofibers woven into textile-based triboelectric nanogenerator (PKT-TENG) and shows an impressive high-performance of a maximum open-circuit voltage of 272.54 V, short-circuit current of 14.56 μA and power density of 86.29 mW m−2, which successfully powers commercial electronics. As the proof-of-concept illustration, the macrofibers with durable hydrophobicity and high piezoresistive sensitivity are further employed for precepting diverse liquids that can simultaneously monitor their distinctive motion features via real-time resistance variation on the textile-based array. This work is expected to offer new insights into the design of advanced fibers with ultra-strong mechanical capabilities and high conductivity and provide an avenue for the development of textile electronics for high-performance sensing and intelligent manufacturing.

Strong and Tough MXene-Induced Bacterial Cellulose Macrofibers for AIoT Textile Electronics

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 198 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Electrocatalytic Self-Coupling of N-Heterocyclic Amides for Energy-Efficient Bipolar Hydrogen Production - Nano-Micro Letters This study proposes a green electrochemical strategy for addressing the high-energy-barrier oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in traditional overall water splitting. Leveraging the thermodynamic advantages of N–H bond activation/cleavage and N–N coupling processes, the 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole (DAT) oxidative coupling reaction (DATOR) has been introduced to replace the high-energy-barrier oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This substitution enables low-energy-consumption hydrogen production while simultaneously yielding high-value azo energetic materials. Furthermore, to enhance electron and atom economy, the anodic DATOR process allows the hydrogen radicals (H*) generated from amine dehydrogenation to chemically combine via the Tafel process, producing hydrogen gas. By constructing coupling system with Pts,n@NiS2@CC cathode and CuO/CF anode, the operating voltage of the system was significantly reduced (0.96 V@10 mA cm− 2), which was 680 mV more energy efficient than conventional water electrolysis (1.64 V). In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculations indicate that the anode DATOR generates DAAT through the N–H bond cleavage and N–N coupling path mediated by hydroxyl radicals (OH*), while releasing hydrogen gas. The coupling system has been operating stably for more than 300 h at an industrial-grade current density. This research provides new ideas for dual-electrode hydrogen production and green electrosynthesis of functional materials, with significant energy and economic benefits.

Electrocatalytic Self-Coupling of N-Heterocyclic Amides for Energy-Efficient Bipolar Hydrogen Production

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 197 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Synaptic Plasticity Engineering for Neural Precision, Temporal Learning, and Scalable Neuromorphic Systems - Nano-Micro Letters Manipulating the expression of synaptic plasticity in neuromorphic devices provides essential foundations for developing intelligent, adaptive hardware systems. In recent years, advances have shifted from static emulation toward dynamic, network-oriented plasticity design, offering enhanced computational accuracy and functional relevance. This review highlights how diversified plasticity behaviors, including multilevel long-term potentiation and depression for spatial models, tunable short-term memory for temporal models, as well as wavelength-selective response, excitatory and inhibitory synergy, and adaptive threshold modulation, collectively support key tasks such as stable learning, temporal processing, and context-aware adaptation. Beyond behavioral innovations, strategies such as multifunctional single-device integration, multimodal fusion, and heterogeneous system assembly enable compact, energy-efficient, and versatile neuromorphic architectures. Recent developments at the array level further demonstrate high-performance scalability and system-level applicability. Despite notable progress, current modulation strategies remain constrained in flexibility, diversity, and large-scale coordination. Future research should focus on enriching the behavioral repertoire of plasticity, advancing cross-modal convergence, and improving array-level uniformity, paving the way toward deployable, high-efficiency neuromorphic intelligence.

Synaptic Plasticity Engineering for Neural Precision, Temporal Learning, and Scalable Neuromorphic Systems

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 196 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

High-Strength 3D-Ordered Ceramic-Gel Composite Electrolytes Enable Highly Stable Sodium Metal Batteries at − 20 to 60 °C - Nano-Micro Letters Ceramic-gel composite electrolytes (CGEs) attract significant attention as solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for sodium metal batteries owing to their favorable ionic conductivity and interfacial compatibility. However, conventional CGEs generally feature insufficient mechanical strength and consequent uncontrollable dendrite growth, remaining long-standing fundamental challenges that severely limit practical applications. Herein, this study presents a high-strength CGE that enables efficient stress transfer, achieving a compressive strength of 20.1 MPa (20 times higher than conventional gel electrolytes), while maintaining excellent ionic conductivity and effectively suppressing sodium dendrites. The 3D-Na3Zr2Si2PO12 framework further serves as a thermal barrier, imparting the CGE with superior flame retardancy. Additionally, Na/CGE/NVP-K0.05 cells exhibit 75.9% capacity retention after 10,000 cycles at 5C (25 °C) and deliver 78.5 mAh g−1 at 30C (60 °C). Remarkably, the CGE exhibits excellent low-temperature adaptability, retaining nearly 100% capacity at –20 °C. These results highlight a viable strategy for designing safe and high-performance solid-state sodium metal batteries toward practical deployment.

High-Strength 3D-Ordered Ceramic-Gel Composite Electrolytes Enable Highly Stable Sodium Metal Batteries at − 20 to 60 °C

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 195 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Dual-Gradient Impedance/Insulation Structured Polyimide Nonwoven Fabric for Multi-Band Compatible Stealth - Nano-Micro Letters Designing and preparing a compatible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, radar and infrared stealth material exhibits significant prospect in the military field. Hence, a novel conductive/ma...

Dual-Gradient Impedance/Insulation Structured Polyimide Nonwoven Fabric for Multi-Band Compatible Stealth

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 130 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Fuel-Powered Soft Actuators: Emerging Strategies for Autonomous and Miniaturized Robots - Nano-Micro Letters Soft actuators, capable of producing mechanical work in response to external stimuli, have potential applications in robotics and exoskeletons. However, they face major challenges related to energy su...

Fuel-Powered Soft Actuators: Emerging Strategies for Autonomous and Miniaturized Robots

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 129 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

A Highly Permeable and Three-Dimensional Integrated Electronic System for Wearable Human–Robot Interaction - Nano-Micro Letters Permeable electronics promise improved physiological comfort, but remain constrained by limited functional integration and poor mechanical robustness. Here, we report a three-dimensional (3D) permeabl...

A Highly Permeable and Three-Dimensional Integrated Electronic System for Wearable Human–Robot Interaction

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 128 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Decoding Hydrogen-Bond Network of Electrolyte for Cryogenic Durable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries - Nano-Micro Letters Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) hold great promise for next-generation energy storage but face challenges such as Zn dendrite growth, side reactions, and limited performance at low temperatures. Here, we propose an electrolyte design strategy that reconstructs the hydrogen-bond network through the synergistic effect of glycerol (GL) and methylsulfonamide (MSA), enabling the formation of a (100)-oriented Zn anode. This design significantly broadens the operating current and temperature windows of AZIBs. As a result, Zn||Zn symmetric cells exhibit remarkable cycling stability, achieving 4,000 h at 1 mA cm−2 and 600 h at 40 mA cm−2 (both at 1 mAh cm−2 capacity); even at −20 °C, Zn||Zn symmetric cells deliver ultra-stable cycling for over 5,400 h. Furthermore, Zn||VO2 full cells retain 77.3% of their capacity after 2,000 cycles at 30 °C with a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and 85.4% capacity retention after 2,000 cycles at −20 °C and 0.25 A g−1. These results demonstrate a robust pathway for enhancing the practicality and low-temperature adaptability of AZIBs.

Decoding Hydrogen-Bond Network of Electrolyte for Cryogenic Durable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 127 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

COF Scaffold Membrane with Gate-Lane Nanostructure for Efficient Li+/Mg2+ Separation - Nano-Micro Letters Due to complex ion–ion and ion–membrane interactions, creating innovative membrane structures to acquire favorable ion mixing effect and high separation performance remains a big challenge. Herein, we design covalent organic framework (COF) scaffold membrane with gate-lane nanostructure for efficient Li+/Mg2+ separation. COF nanosheets, serving as the scaffold, are intercalated by polyethyleneimine (PEI) to form the permeating layer. Subsequently, PEI on the surface reacts with 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate to form the polyurea gating layer. The gating layer, bearing tailored smaller pore size, affords high rejection to co-ions (Mg2+) and thus high Li+/Mg2+ selectivity. The permeating layer, with asymmetric charge and spatial nanostructure for creating individual lanes of Li+ and Cl−, facilitates Li+ transport and thus high Li+ permeability. The optimum COF scaffold membrane exhibits the permeance of 11.5 L m−2 h−1/bar−1 and true selectivity of 231.9 with Li+ enrichment of 120.2% at the Mg2+/Li+ mass ratio of 50, exceeding the ideal selectivity of 80.5 and outperforming all ever-reported positively charged nanofiltration membranes. Our work may stimulate the further thinking about how to design the hierarchical membrane structure to achieve favorable ion mixing effect and break the membrane permeability–selectivity trade-off in chemical separations.

COF Scaffold Membrane with Gate-Lane Nanostructure for Efficient Li+/Mg2+ Separation

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 126 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

High-Density 1D Ionic Wire Arrays for Osmotic Energy Conversion - Nano-Micro Letters Osmotic energy, existing between the seawater and river water, is a renewable energy source, which can be directly converted into electricity by ion-exchange membranes (IEM). In traditional IEMs, the ion transport channels are formed by nanophase separation of hydrophilic ion carriers and hydrophobic segments. It is difficult to realize high-density ion channels with controlled spatial arrangement and length scale of ion carriers. Herein, we construct high-density 1D ion wires as transmission channels. Through molecular design, hydrophilic imidazole groups and hydrophobic alkyl tails were introduced into the repeat units, which self-assembled into 1D ion transporting core and protecting shell along the main chains. The areal density of the ionic wire arrays is up to ~ 1012 cm−2, which is the highest value. The ionic wires ensure both high ion flux transport and high selectivity, achieving an ultrahigh-power density of 40.5 W m−2 at a 500-fold salinity gradient. Besides, the ionic wire array membrane is well recyclable and antibacterial. The ionic wires provide novel concept for next generation of high-performance membranes.

High-Density 1D Ionic Wire Arrays for Osmotic Energy Conversion

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 125 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Achieving Ah-Level Zn–MnO2 Pouch Cells via Interfacial Solvation Structure Engineering - Nano-Micro Letters Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) offer a safe, cost-effective, and high-capacity energy storage solution, yet their performance is hindered by interfacial challenges at the Zn anode, including hydrogen evolution, corrosion, and dendritic Zn growth. While most studies focus on regulating Zn2+ solvation structures in bulk electrolytes, the evolution of interfacial solvation—where Zn2+ undergoes desolvation and deposition—remains insufficiently explored. Here, we introduce sulfated nanocellulose (SNC), an anion-rich biopolymer, to tailor the interfacial solvation structure without altering the bulk electrolyte composition. Using in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence interface-extended X-ray absorption fine structure, we reveal that SNC facilitates the formation of a low-coordinated Zn2+ solvation shell at the interface by weakening H2O coordination. This transformation is driven by electrostatic interactions between Zn2+ and anchored sulfate groups, thereby reducing water activity, improving interfacial stability during charge/discharge, and suppressing parasitic reactions. Consequently, a high average coulombic efficiency of 99.6% over 500 cycles in Zn|Ti asymmetric cells and 1.5 Ah pouch cells (13.4 mg cm−2 loading, remained stable over 250 cycles) were achieved in SNC-induced AZIBs. This work underscores the importance of interfacial solvation structure engineering—beyond traditional bulk electrolyte design—in enabling practical, high-performance AZIBs.

Achieving Ah-Level Zn–MnO2 Pouch Cells via Interfacial Solvation Structure Engineering

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 124 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

Ferroelectric Optoelectronic Sensor for Intelligent Flame Detection and In-Sensor Motion Perception - Nano-Micro Letters Next-generation fire safety systems demand precise detection and motion recognition of flames. In-sensor computing, which integrates sensing, memory, and processing capabilities, has emerged as a key technology in flame detection. However, the implementation of hardware-level functional demonstrations based on artificial vision systems in the solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) band (200–280 nm) is hindered by the weak detection capability. Here, we propose Ga2O3/In2Se3 heterojunctions for the ferroelectric (abbreviation: Fe) optoelectronic sensor (abbreviation: OES) array (5 × 5 pixels), which is capable of ultraweak UV light detection with an ultrahigh detectivity through ferroelectric regulation and features in configurable multimode functionality. The Fe-OES array can directly sense different flame motions and simulate the non-spiking gradient neurons of insect visual system. Moreover, the flame signal can be effectively amplified in combination with leaky integration-and-fire neuron hardware. Using this Fe-OES system and neuromorphic hardware, we successfully demonstrate three flame processing tasks: achieving efficient flame detection across all time periods with terminal and cloud-based alarms; flame motion recognition with a lightweight convolutional neural network achieving 96.47% accuracy; and flame light recognition with 90.51% accuracy by means of a photosensitive artificial neural system. This work provides effective tools and approaches for addressing a variety of complex flame detection tasks.

Ferroelectric Optoelectronic Sensor for Intelligent Flame Detection and In-Sensor Motion Perception

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 123 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...

High-Efficiency Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Based on Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells with Unprecedented Fill Factor - Nano-Micro Letters Recent progress in inverted perovskite solar cells (iPSCs) highlights the critical role of interface engineering between the charge transport layer and perovskite. Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) on transparent conductive oxide electrodes serve effectively as hole transport layers, though challenges such as energy mismatches and surface inhomogeneities remain. Here, a blended self-assembled monolayer of (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid (2PACz) and (4-(3,6-Dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) is developed, offering improved surface potential uniformity and interfacial energy alignment compared to individual SAMs. Interactions between the SAMs and ionic species are investigated with simulation analysis conducted, revealing the elimination of interfacial energy barriers through precise energy-level tuning. This strategy enables wide-bandgap (1.67 eV) perovskite solar cells with inverted structures with over 24% efficiency, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.268 V, and a certified fill factor (FF) of 86.8%, leading to a certified efficiency of 23.42%. The approach also enables high-efficiency semi-transparent devices and a mechanically stacked four-terminal perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell reaching 30.97% efficiency.

High-Efficiency Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells Based on Wide-Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells with Unprecedented Fill Factor

Nano-Micro Lett. 18, 122 (2026).
doi.org/10.1007/s408...