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Posts by Eric McDaniel

Welcome To Mongolia's New Postal System: An Atlas Of Random Words <p>It is tough to be a postman in Mongolia.</p><p>The country is among the world's most sparsely populated — twice the size of Texas with about one-tenth the state's population of about 27 million. Its roads, even in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, often lack well-known names, making navigation difficult and street addresses unreliable. To make matters even more complicated, about a quarter of the country's residents are nomadic, with no permanent homes.</p><p>All of that means it can often be incredibly challenging for the Mongol Post to locate people.</p><p>Things are looking up, though. The Mongolian government has partnered with a British startup calledWhat3Wordsto overhaul its postal and address systems. Now, instead of an address — like, say, 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. — each 9-square-meter plot in Mongolia will receive its own three-word identifier.</p><p>"What we've done is we've cut the world into 3-meter squares, so that's 57 trillion 3-meter squares," Chris Sheldrick, co-founder of What3Words, tells NPR's Rachel Martin. "And there's enough words in the dictionary — so, I'm talking words like table, chair, spoon — that you can actually assign three words to every 3-meter square in the world and you don't run out of combinations."</p><p>So, to bring it back to Pennsylvania Avenue — want to write a note to the president? Better address it toEngine.Doors.Cubs. How about the British prime minister? That'd beChief.Score.Locked. (If you want to see the combinations for a few other famous spots, scroll down orclick here.)</p><p>Today in Mongolia, detailed directions and landmarks are often used in lieu of traditional street addresses; there aren't many other options.</p><p>"Even in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, there aren't really street names that people use in everyday life," Sheldrick says. "You can't put [an address] into an app, and people tend to use directions — or they say, you know, 'by the blue, tall building,' or 'the lampost on the left.' "</p><p>When the new system is put into place though, things will be a bit different.</p><p>"The first thing that somebody would do would be to discover their three words," he explains, by downloading the app. Once equipped with their own address phrase, Mongolians will be able to provide a precise and unambiguous location for any number of uses — like navigation, banking and online shopping.</p><p>And while he is happy about the partnership with the Mongol Post, Sheldrick thinks the What3Words system can be a global tool. Even in comparatively well-addressed countries like the U.S. and Canada, Sheldrick says that there are plenty of places that go without an exact address.</p><p>"Just because your house is OK, perhaps the people around the other side of the street struggle to get found," he says.</p><p>Mongolia will be switching over to the system for government mail delivery next month. But don't count on the U.S. making the change anytime soon.</p><p>Just in case, though, better mark this down: If you care to write us here at NPR, just try us atDream.Caves.Miss.</p><p>Statue of Liberty -->Planet.Inches.Most.</p><p>Great Pyramid at Giza -->Dreaming.Munch.Magnetic.</p><p>221B Baker Street, home of Sherlock Holmes -->Junior.Holds.Keep.</p><p>Eiffel Tower -->Graphics.Dads.Inched.</p><p>Golden Gate Bridge -->Super.Skirt.Letter.</p><p>Washington Monument -->Congratulations.Fingernails.Desk.</p><p>North Pole --> [Not found].</p><p>RACHEL MARTIN, HOST:</p><p>We're now going to spend a few minutes talking about delivering the mail in Mongolia. Why, you ask? Well, because it's really, really difficult. There are few street addresses in Mongolia, and much of the population is nomadic. And let's face it - all yurts tend to look the same.</p><p>CHRIS SHELDRICK: Even in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, there aren't really street names that people use in everyday life. People tend to use directions. Or they say, you know, by the blue pearl building, the fourth lamppost on the left.</p><p>MARTIN: That is Chris Sheldrick. He is co-founder of What3Words. His company has helped Mongolia overhaul its postal and address system. It's based on the idea that every spot on Earth has its own unique coordinates. But long strings of numbers like GPS coordinates aren't exactly user-friendly, and this is where Chris Sheldrick's company comes in. I asked him how this new system works.</p><p>SHELDRICK: What we've done is we've cut the world into 3-meter squares. So that's 57 trillion 3-meter squares. And there's enough words in the dictionary - so I'm talking words like table, chair, spoon - that you can actually assign three words to every 3-meter square in the world and you don't run out of combinations. So if I say toffee.branch.pyramid, then that's the name of a 3-meter square somewhere in the world.</p><p>MARTIN: All right, so break that down into how this would serve Mongolians in practice. If someone before said, hey, you can find our house - we're next to the blue yurt on the right. Instead of that descriptor, they would - what?</p><p>SHELDRICK: So the first thing that somebody would do would be to discover their three words. And the way they do that is they get the What3Words app, which is free, and they - the first thing that app will do is say, all right, here are the three words for where you are right now. So you might find you live at apple.spoon.pyramid. And then once you've got those three words, the post service or the courier can sort that mail, they can put it in the driver's routing package, and then the driver will route exactly to your front door.</p><p>MARTIN: And it means, though, everybody in Mongolia who wants to use this system has to have some kind of access to the Internet.</p><p>SHELDRICK: Most people in Mongolia have a smartphone. So yes, you need to be connected while you get the app, but it's important to understand the app works off-line. So once you've got it, you can go anywhere - in the middle of the desert - and you can press a button and it will tell you what your three words are there.</p><p>MARTIN: How did the project come about? Did the Mongolian government approach you, or did you approach them?</p><p>SHELDRICK: So I met one of the shareholders of the Mongolian post service at the World Economic Forum, and he told me about the need to have an addressing system in Mongolia. They were really crying out for it. So that's when I flew over there and then met the post service. I met the prime minister, I met the mayor of Ulaanbaatar, and everybody was incredibly supportive of the project that we're doing.</p><p>MARTIN: I'm talking to you in Helsinki? Where are you right now, Chris? You can anticipate my next question.</p><p>SHELDRICK: I can, but I'm on the phone.</p><p>MARTIN: So you can't look up your address.</p><p>SHELDRICK: (Laughter).</p><p>MARTIN: And you haven't memorized it.</p><p>SHELDRICK: Let me try multitasking on my phone very quickly.</p><p>MARTIN: OK.</p><p>SHELDRICK: Just two seconds, hang on.</p><p>MARTIN: Yeah.</p><p>SHELDRICK: So right now, I'm at kennels.count.caps in the Aland Islands between Sweden and Finland.</p><p>MARTIN: OK, pretty good. But my editor just looked up NPR's address, and it's - it might be better, I'm just saying - dust.bubble.empire. Not sure if I'm ever going to write that on an envelope, but there you have it. Chris Sheldrick, co-founder of What3Words. Thanks so much for talking with us, Chris.</p><p>SHELDRICK: Thank you so much, and goodbye.</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2016/06/20160619_wesun_welcome_to_mongolias_new_postal_system_an_atlas_of_random_words.mp3?d=219&amp;e=482514949&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=14&amp;p=10&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
2 months ago 2 0 0 0
From Drumline To Devotion, ÌFÉ's Otura Mun Strives For 'Something Higher' <p>Otura Mun started out in the world as Mark Underwood, a Goshen, Ind., native whose parents were Mennonites and who managed to snag a coveted spot on the University of North Texas' drumline. But that was before a flight mixup landed the percussionist, composer, DJ and producer with a free trip to Puerto Rico. Two years later, he moved permanently to the island, became a Yoruban high priest and began creating electronic music that channeled the African diaspora.</p><p>These days, Otura Mun leads the Afro-Caribbean ensembleÌFÉ, whose debut album is calledIIII + IIII(pronounced "Edgy-Og-Beh"). He spoke withWeekend Edition Sundayguest host A Martínez about his remarkable story, the way his spirituality and music intersect and his myriad influences — from drumline to video games. Hear their conversation at the audio link, and read on for highlights.</p><p>On how playing with the UNT drumline shapes his music today</p><p>The University of North Texas had this monster drumline led by an instructor named Paul Rennick. Everybody who played in these private groups from all over the country would go to the University of North Texas and sort of beat up on other university drumlines. So when I came as a freshman ... it was one slot open and 250 people trying out for that one slot, and I ended up getting it. I was able to drum and win a national championship with the University of North Texas.</p><p>I think now, coming back to ÌFÉ, what you see is a bit of the same concept ... in the sense that playing in a drumline, you sort of become anonymous. You're playing and trying to synchronize with the drummers that are around you, playing together to be able to make a higher expression, or a larger expression happen as a whole. ... There's room for improvisation and there's room to express yourself. But it's a group experience that's making something higher happen.</p><p>On how he came to move to Puerto Rico, and the cultural adjustment that demanded</p><p>At the time I was studying at the University of North Texas, I would travel back and forth from there to Indiana, and in '97 Delta kind of bust one of my flights and they gave me a voucher. Being from a lower-middle class family, the idea of travel on my own dime just didn't really occur to me. And so all of a sudden I had this plane ticket that was good for anywhere in the U.S., the Caribbean and South America. At the time I was really getting into Jamaican dancehall. And so I sat on the tickets for 11 months, called the airline in '97 and said, "Hey, I wanna go to Jamaica." They sort of batted that one away and said the only places they went in the Caribbean were St. Thomas, St. Croix and Puerto Rico. St. Thomas, nope. St. Croix, nope. All booked up. Puerto Rico was the last thing open. And so I just jumped on it. I wanted to see what the Caribbean was about.</p><p>And I just really enjoyed the experience that I had there, culturally. I mean, being from Indiana and being African American, it's just — the U.S. is a tough place to be black, let's put it that way. ... The things that I assumed about my relationships with other people, how they saw me, how I should understand them, even before having a conversation — were sort of deconstructed in Puerto Rico to a certain extent. Because the folks there don't necessarily build their identity on race first, like we do in the States. ... I think I took the way that I moved through the world with me to Puerto Rico and sort of had to find another way to move.</p><p>On the connection he felt with the Yoruba religion</p><p>In '99 I was booked to DJ a sort of millennial party in St. Thomas. And one of the groups that was also booked was arumbagroup and most of therumberosthat were there weresanterosorpracticantesof the Yoruba religion. And then there was also a Nigerian drummer and dancer that was booked at the same party. ... And the Puerto Ricanrumbagroup and the Nigerian got along really well, musically, because the Puerto Ricans were singing in Yoruba, and the Nigerian spoke Yoruba and he could understand them completely. He was really kind of blown away. He said, "Hey, you guys have an accent that sounds like my great-great-grandfather." And as an African American, seeing these guys from Puerto Rico being able to communicate directly on a spiritual level, on a musical level, with someone from the continent in such a profound way, was just very impacting for me.</p><p>In this practice, the idea of praying without singing, or singing without dance, just doesn't really exist. I think that's kinda what people are feeling, in some ways, when they listen to the ÌFÉ record — there's that deep sense of spirituality imbued into the music in a way that whether you understand English, Spanish or Yoruba, you're going to get a sense of what we're trying to get across, because the meaning and intent behind the words and the chants are so powerful.</p><p>On what he brings to traditional Yoruba devotional singing</p><p>Many of the songs and chants that are on ÌFÉ's record came through meditations about the particularorishas[divinities that interface between humans and the supreme being] themselves. ... And I was lucky enough in the writing process to be befriended by a gentleman named Emilio Barreto, who's probably the most famous singer insanteríaceremonies in New York in the last 30 years. He just sort of walked into my studio randomly as I was writing the record. And so Emilio immediately sort of got what I was trying to do, on a musical end, with triggering these drums and reflecting on the energies of eachorisha.</p><p>"Bangah" is a good example because I had sampled a knife sound or a sword strike from the video gameAssassin's Creed. Now, Ogún is understood as the god of war in the Yoruba pantheon, and his main tools are the machete and the anvil. ... I wanted young kids to be able to identify or hear themselves in the sounds on the record, and so I chose new electronic sounds. ... So I took that sword strike — "Sha-keeng" — and hopefully kids are gonna get it. Now, Emilio heard it, and he heard it as the sound of Ogún's sword, which I meant it to be, but it also sounded like a word, which is "Bangah!" and that's part of a song for Ogún. And so he was able to help me get the song I needed, at the moment I needed it, into the music itself.</p><p>On debates surrounding cultural appropriation and the Yoruba faith</p><p>For me, race is another box, another source of confinement. I didn't choose to play that game. ... White Europeans are the winners in that game. They made it up, they defined it. And so I'm trying to shed those layers as much as possible, with all respect to the struggle that I'm a part of.</p><p>This is a practice that was waiting for me because of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, but it's a practice that anyone can gain from. ... The practice is powerful for everyone. I'm nobody's judge and jury either, man. If my neighbor, who ended up being a crack addict — [who] was a white kid — was able to find peace and guidance inside of this religion, more power to him. I mean, I'm never gonna try and hold anybody back from evolving as a person, as a human being. No one's going to hold me back either.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF IFE SONG, "UMBO (COME DOWN)")</p><p>A MARTÍNEZ, HOST:</p><p>Otura Mun started out in the world as Mark Underwood. That was a long time ago back when the percussionist/composer/DJ/producer was a young member of the University of North Texas' drum line. Before he moved to Puerto Rico from Goshen, Ind., he became a Yoruban high priest and began creating electronic music that channeled the African Diaspora.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "UMBO (COME DOWN)")</p><p>IFE: (Singing) May, may, may ire. May, may, may, ire.</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: Otura Mun leads the ensemble IFE. And their debut album "IIII+IIII" is now out. And he joins us now from the studios of the CBC in Montreal. Welcome to the program.</p><p>OTURA MUN: Hey, thanks for having me.</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: Now, we covered a lot of ground in that intro. So let's peel it back just a bit. Tell us about those days on the drum line.</p><p>MUN: Yeah. I mean, I grew up in Goshen, Ind. And I got really into drum and bugle corps, which is sort of this circuit that tours sort of the Midwest, some of the West Coast and East Coast as well. And the University of North Texas had this monster drum line that everybody that played in these private groups from all over the country would go to the University of North Texas and beat up on other University drum lines.</p><p>And so when I came there as a freshman, I already knew the names of everyone on the drum line because I had studied their styles and just sort of knew who they were. And so that first year, I guess, there was maybe one slot open and maybe 250 people trying out. And I ended up getting it and was able to drum and win the national championship with the University of North Texas.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF IFE SONG, "3 MUJERES (IBORU IBOYA IBOSHESHE)")</p><p>MUN: Playing on a drum line, you sort of become anonymous. You're playing and trying to synchronize with the drummers that are around you with playing together to be able to make a higher expression happen. There's room for improvisation. And there's room to express yourself. But it's a group experience.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "3 MUJERES (IBORU IBOYA IBOSHESHE)")</p><p>IFE: (Singing in foreign language).</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: Let me ask you this because I read that some of your earliest musical influences came from tapes that your father listened to on his Walkman. I remember Walkmans. I mean, no one that's any younger than 30 would remember what a Walkman is. But that's when he worked at a gas meter reader back in Indiana. What were some of those songs on that Walkman?</p><p>MUN: I mean, he gave me James Brown, like, you know, "I'm Black And I'm Proud." You know, Sly and The Family Stone, the greatest hits, that was one of the tapes that I remember really burning up. Bob Marley, Parliament Funkadelic - I mean, you know, he was just walking. He was on his feet all day. And so he would get a tape and sort of burn it out and, you know, shoot it my way, so.</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: Do you still have that Walkman by any chance?</p><p>MUN: I don't have the Walkman. But I do have a lot of those tapes.</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: Do you really? Wow.</p><p>MUN: Yeah, yeah.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF IFE SONG, "PRAYER FOR ODUDUWA (PARA MERCEDITAS)")</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: All right, so you're from Indiana. You go to Puerto Rico. Your parents - Mennonites. And you come to the Yoruba faith. How did that happen?</p><p>MUN: Well, in '99, I was booked to DJ, like, a sort of millennial party in St. Thomas. And one of the groups that was also booked was a rumba group, and most of the rumberos that were there were santeros or practicantes of the Yoruba religion. And so I was there with them. And then there was also a Nigerian drummer and dancer that was booked at the same party.</p><p>And the Puerto Rican rumba group and the Nigerian got along really well musically because the Puerto Ricans were singing in Yoruba. And the Nigerian spoke Yoruba. And he could understand them completely. And he was really kind of blown away. He said, hey, you guys have an accent that sounds like my great, great grandfather. And, you know, as an African-American seeing these guys from Puerto Rico be able to communicate directly on a spiritual level, on a musical level from someone from the continent in such a profound way was just very impacting for me.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "PRAYER FOR ODUDUWA (PARA MERCEDITAS)")</p><p>IFE: (Singing in foreign language).</p><p>MUN: You know, in this practice, the idea of praying without singing or singing without dance just doesn't really exist. I think that's kind of what people are feeling in some ways when they listen to IFE's record. There is a deep sense of spirituality sort of - I'm not sure what the English word is - imbued maybe into the music in a way that whether you understand English, Spanish or Yoruba, you're going to get a sense of what we're trying to get across regardless because the meaning and the intent behind the words and the chants are so powerful.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF IFE SONG, "HOUSE OF LOVE (OGBE YEKUN)")</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: Tell us about the song "House Of Love." Is that right it helped you deal with the death of your brother?</p><p>MUN: One of the beautiful things about this practice is we commune with our ancestors on a daily basis, and we try to develop a give and receive sort of exchange with them. And so "House Of Love" is really just talking about that in a general level - the idea of our ancestors are with us after death and we can communicate with them and share from them and learn from them.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "HOUSE OF LOVE (OGBE YEKUN)")</p><p>IFE: (Singing in foreign language).</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: Now before you go, I got to ask this because we hear a lot of debate about cultural appropriation. Now, if you were a white drummer from Indiana who changed his life, went to Puerto Rico, ended up in the same place you are now, I know, I know people would have an issue with it. So why shouldn't we with you?</p><p>MUN: I mean, I don't think that I would have an issue with it. For me, race is another box, source of confinement. I didn't choose to play that game. White Europeans are the winners in that game. They made it up. They defined it. And so I'm trying to, you know, shed those layers as much as possible with all respect to the struggle that I'm a part of.</p><p>You know, this is a practice that was waiting for me because of the transatlantic slave trade. But it's a practice that anyone can gain from. You know, I'm nobody's judge and jury either. If, you know, my neighbor who ended up being a crack addict, which was a white kid, was able to find peace and guidance inside of this religion, more power to him. I mean, I'm never going to try and hold anybody back from evolving as a person, as a human being. And I - you know, no one is going to hold me back either.</p><p>MARTÍNEZ: That's Otura Mun of the band IFE. And their new album is called "IIII+IIII". Thanks so much for speaking with us.</p><p>MUN: Sure. Thanks man.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF IFE SONG, "YUMAVISION")</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2017/07/20170709_wesun_from_drumline_to_devotion_fs_otura_mun_strives_for_something_higher.mp3?d=425&amp;e=535846881&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=8&amp;p=10&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
2 months ago 0 0 0 0
Offa Rex's Olivia Chaney On The 'Dreamlike Nostalgia' Of English Folk <p>For the last 15 years, English folk musicianOlivia Chaneyhas done a little bit of everything. She performed as a vocalist with the electronic-pop groupZero 7, and alongside the acclaimedKronos Quartet. She's done a stint as an actress and multi-instrumentalist at Shakespeare's Globe Theatre. And in 2015, Chaney toured the world withThe Decemberiststo promote her debut solo album,The Longest River. But Chaney's involvement with the band didn't end there, thanks to anenthusiastic tweetby frontmanColin Meloy.</p><p>One thing led to another, and eventually Chaney joined forces with The Decemberists to form a new group:Offa Rex. On its new album,The Queen Of Hearts, Offa Rex reimagines traditional English folk songs (including "Willie O'Winsbury"). Read on for highlights of Chaney's conversation with NPR's Lulu Garcia-Navarro about Offa Rex and her relationship to English folk music, and hear the interview at the audio link.</p><p>On the song "The Old Churchyard"</p><p>This feels like one of the tracks that really was a true collaboration and meeting of all of the band's and mine and Colin's beliefs about a song like this. ... "The Old Churchyard," in particular, was one [song] that I started just singing solo, a cappella, at gigs. ... What I think's so special about it is that although you feel the religious, spiritual roots, to me it's very timeless and universal as well.</p><p>On what she sees as the power of English folk music</p><p>I've tried to kind of use nursery rhymes or these timeless refrains ... in this almost dreamlike nostalgia for something we've perhaps never known. Those are all themes which I'm fascinated by in poetry, literature and song. I think I am often drawn to music that is dealing with these age-old, recurrent, human-condition kind of themes. And also touching upon mysticism in a very kind of open-ended — not necessarily one religion or other — kind of way.</p><p>On a musical revelation Chaney had while performing in Tuscany early in her career</p><p>This was the period when I started to delve back into folk music. Or not even delve back in — start to delve into, because I'd not grown up on old field recordings and my parentsMorris dancingon the folk circuit like some people I know. I'm not a true folkie in that sense.</p><p>[There was] an old Sephardi Jewish hymn which I found myself remembering from a wonderful teacher at college. Just standing and singing that barefoot, a cappella, in front of a random crowd in Italy ... I just felt this real connection to something and the human voice and the simple text. I think from that point on, I realized that I needed to keep searching for that kind of — I can't use the words "purity" or "truth," really, can I? But I think at that point that's what it felt like.</p><p>LULU GARCIA-NAVARRO, HOST:</p><p>For the last 15 years, musician Olivia Chaney has done a little bit of everything. She performed as a vocalist with the group Zero 7 and alongside the acclaimed Kronos String Quartet. Most recently, she toured the world with The Decemberists. Now Olivia Cheney has joined up with that band and its frontman, Colin Meloy, to form the supergroup Offa Rex. Their new album, "The Queen Of Hearts," reimagines traditional English folk music.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THE QUEEN OF HEARTS")</p><p>OFFA REX: (Singing) To the queen of hearts, he's the ace of sorrow. He's here today. He's gone tomorrow.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Thanks so much for being here.</p><p>OLIVIA CHANEY: Oh, thanks for having me.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So tell us how this project came about? It seems a little bit of an odd pairing at first glance.</p><p>CHANEY: (Laughter) Well, I believe it started on Twitter.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Ha.</p><p>CHANEY: Yeah. I was touring my solo record and was in some kind of cheap hotel in Brooklyn, I seem to recall, when I saw something come up on Twitter. And it was Colin Meloy saying, you know, I wish Olivia Chaney would sing "Willie O'Winsbury."</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: I think I actually have the tweet right here. It's from June of 2015, right after...</p><p>CHANEY: Oh, wow (laughter).</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: ...Your solo album came out. And I can't read it on air.</p><p>CHANEY: Yeah.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: But Colin wrote, I suppose if Olivia Chaney ever did "Willie O'Winsbury," I would lose my...</p><p>CHANEY: Beep.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "WILLIE O'WINSBURY")</p><p>CHANEY: (Singing) And Willie of the Winsbury has lain long with his daughter at home. What ails you? What ails you, my daughter Janet? Why you look so pale and wan? Or have you had any sore sickness or yet been sleeping with a man?</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So lovely.</p><p>CHANEY: Thank you.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: I was hoping we could listen to an older recording of one of the songs you chose to record for this album, "The Old Churchyard," and then your version. And maybe you could help us see how you updated. So let's listen to the old recording first.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THE OLD CHURCHYARD")</p><p>THE WATERSONS: (Singing) Come, come with me out to the old churchyard. I so well know those paths beneath the soft, green sward. Friends slumber in there that we want to regard.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So that's the English folk band The Watersons, who recorded it in the 1970s. And here is the Offa Rex version.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THE OLD CHURCHYARD")</p><p>OFFA REX: (Singing) Come, come with me out to the old churchyard. I so well know those paths beneath the soft, green sward. Friends slumber in there that we want to regard. We will trace out their names in the old churchyard.</p><p>CHANEY: This was so nice you picked this because this feels like one of the tracks that really was a true collaboration and kind of meeting of all of the bands and mine and Colin's, you know, beliefs about a song like this. And I came with my own very strong association, which - this song, The Old Churchyard," in particular, was one that I started just singing solo a cappella at gigs. And I would just suddenly start singing it within basically not really folk clubs, you know, not places where you would particularly expect to hear an a cappella voice singing an old, kind of religious song. But for me, what I think's so special about it is that although you feel the religious spiritual roots, to me it's kind of very timeless and universal, as well.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Tell me - for you, the power of English folk music in particular - these songs, when you hear them - they seem so resonant. They seem like - almost like a dream that you might have had, even if you're not familiar with the music itself.</p><p>CHANEY: That's such a lovely way of putting it. And I've tried to kind of use nursery rhymes or these timeless refrains that, exactly like you say, have this almost dream-like nostalgia for something we've perhaps never known. You know, those are all themes which I'm fascinated by in poetry and literature and song. And I think I am often drawn to music that is dealing with these age-old recurrent human condition kind of themes and also, as you say, touching upon mysticism and - you know, in a very kind of open-ended - not necessarily one religion or other kind of way.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: I read that you had a bit of a realization about your music after you left school when you were spending some time in Tuscany.</p><p>CHANEY: Oh, wow. Gosh, I'm trying to think where you would've read that. But yeah. I - this was the period when I started to delve back into folk music - or not even delve back in - start to delve into because I've not grown up on, you know, old field recordings and my parents Morris dancing. You know, on the folk circuit, like, some people I know - I'm not a true folkie in that sense. But again, bizarrely, in terms of the thing I was talking about before, it was actually an old Sephardi Jewish hymn which I found myself remembering from a wonderful teacher at college.</p><p>And just standing and singing that barefoot a cappella in front of, you know, a random crowd in Italy on some slightly heartbroken trip I was on out there - I just felt this real connection to something and the human voice and a simple text. And, yeah, I think, from that point on, I realized I needed to keep searching for that kind of - oh, I don't know. I can't use the words purity or truth, really, can I? But I think, at that point, that's what it felt like.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Do you by chance remember that hymn? And could you sing a little bit of it?</p><p>CHANEY: Oh, gosh.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: The way you described it is so beautiful.</p><p>CHANEY: Yeah, it's pretty short. I'll give it a go. I wasn't expecting to sing today (laughter). OK. (Singing in foreign language).</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: I want you to know I have tears in my eyes.</p><p>CHANEY: Aww.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: That's Olivia Chaney. Her new project with The Decemberists is Offarex. Their album is "The Queen of Hearts." Thank you so much for joining us and for singing for us today.</p><p>CHANEY: My pleasure. Thanks for having me.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "THE GARDENER")</p><p>CHANEY: (Vocalizing).</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2017/07/20170716_wesun_offa_rexs_olivia_chaney_on_the_dreamlike_nostalgia_of_english_folk.mp3?d=453&amp;e=537307935&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=19&amp;p=10&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
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'Hindrance Became The Power': Passion Pit's Angelakos On Music And Mental Health <p>Michael Angelakos founded the musical projectPassion Pitas a college student in his dorm room at Emerson College. A decade and four albums later, Angelakos is more than just a musician: He has become an advocate for mental health, too.</p><p>In February, Angelakos founded the Wishart Group, which aims to provide support services for musicians. One of its priorities is improving mental health services — something Angelakos, who has bipolar disorder, has found particularly lacking in the music business over the course of his career.</p><p>"If you read any book on the music industry, if you talk to anyone in the music industry, it's like, 'Well, this is just the way it is,'" he tells NPR's Scott Simon. "There's no healthcare. There are no benefits. There's no one taking care [of you]."</p><p>In March, Angelakos offered free downloads of a new Passion Pit album,Tremendous Sea of Love, in exchange for tweets in support of the #weneedscience Twitter campaign. Four months later, the album was released to streaming services. Angelakos is also donating royalties from the sales ofTremendous Sea of Loveto the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research at Broad Institute of Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</p><p>Angelakos joined Scott Simon onWeekend Editionto talk about how his childhood and his mental illness inform his music. Hear the conversation at the audio link, and read an edited transcript below.</p><p>Scott Simon: How did you find music?</p><p>Michael Angelakos: My dad recalls me singing in perfect pitch when he was changing my diapers. My father was a musician [and] a music teacher for 15 years at public schools — when his son suddenly becomes a professional musician, and you were always trying to be a musician — he's not the one who's going to give me that for free. I love my father, I love him to death, but it naturally came to me. [My father] tried to pay for lessons, and I would go to lessons and get my hands slapped because I didn't understand why I needed to learn other people's music when I could just write my own. And I also thought that, with my obsession withThe Beach Boysaround four or five — I thought they had annual tryouts!</p><p>To be in The Beach Boys?</p><p>Yeah, I just wanted to be a Beach Boy, really. I thought I would impress them if I wrote songs. So I was a little bit of a brat, but it was encouraged. My family was very kind about allowing me to sit in my room — I recorded over all my dad's tapes. I wreaked havoc, but at the end of the day they nurtured a songwriter, and that was really all I ever wanted to be.</p><p>OnTremendous Sea of Love, there's a song called "For Sondra (It Means The World To Me)." May I ask — who's Sondra?</p><p>Sondra Radvanovsky, the opera singer. I've met a lot of famous people in my life, but one of the only people who made me cry upon meeting them — like just freaking out — was Sondra. Opera was something that I shared with people I'm very close with, that I had to go through a lot with. And something about that night, meeting Sondra and everything, brought the women in my life to a place where — I'm just very grateful to my mother and my wife, my grandmother, all of these people that I just didn't know how to talk about, really.</p><p>Did this song help you do that--talk to them?</p><p>Yeah. You connect it to something, a memory like that — it allows you to access a certain place. I don't know. It's something that I remember thinking, at that time — I was like, I missed everybody. When I met Sondra, I missed everyone. Because at that time, I was blaming lots of people for problems that are just impossible to explain, that are in my head.</p><p>What does that mean?</p><p>Well, I have bipolar I disorder, rapid cycling, with anxiety and PTSD. And what I've always been doing with my music, even though at certain points I just denied it flat-out, was just a way of explaining it sonically. I just wanted to hear what it sounded like, what my bipolar disorder sounded like. And it would sound like, to me, I was the underdog winning, or something like that. And that's been my life. It's really just trying to explain and apologize and work through this illogical world in my head that has been like running with weights, but no one can see the weights. And suddenly at a certain point when you've lived through it, that's one thing that I started realizing: the hindrance became the power.</p><p>The hindrance became the power.</p><p>I started realizing, as a mental health advocate, that everyone's going to deal with melancholia. Everyone's going to deal with anxiety, grief, so-and-so. But how you walk through them is important, because you could develop something very serious. And I cared deeply. Because when I was sexually molested, what happened [was] I did not go to counselling — and I was 12, 13, 14 years old. What happens when you're in your twenties — these things develop bad behaviors that look like choices, but they become treatments, self-medicating — things that are really, really dangerous.</p><p>I don't want to lose sight of your album, because it's good music. Point us to a song you'd like us to hear.</p><p>A song that I love is "Hey K." A lot of my music has been about my wife, and my life with my disorder and how much we went through. You know, you're a hormonal nightmare as a male in your twenties. [Laughs.] You're going through a lot, on top of having a disorder and having to be the center of attention the whole time, and like — it's a giant miscommunication. At a time when I just couldn't connect, when I was manic — and a lot of people, when you're manic, you really have to quarantine yourself. And so we weren't talking, but just through this music I was able to kind of speak to her and say something along the lines of, "Don't forget that my entire life and everything that I'm doing — all the work I'm doing now — is because I'm also trying to protect you. I'm going to actually try and do something, instead of just talk."</p><p>Listen toTremendous Sea of LoveatSpotifyandApple Music.</p><p>Web intern Karen Gwee contributed to this story.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF PASSION PIT SONG, "THE UNDERTOW")</p><p>SCOTT SIMON, HOST:</p><p>Michael Angelakos started Passion Pit a decade ago out of his dorm room at Emerson College. He's released four albums and also become known for his involvement in mental health. His latest album out now is "Tremendous Sea Of Love."</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "UNDERTOW")</p><p>PASSION PIT: (Singing) Come to me honey and feel the warmth around you grow. Calls from above me echoes down below. We've resorted to the undertow. I try, but what you're feeling is the undertow.</p><p>SIMON: Michael Angelakos joins us now from our studios in New York. Thanks so much for being with us.</p><p>MICHAEL ANGELAKOS: Thanks for having me.</p><p>SIMON: How did you find music?</p><p>ANGELAKOS: My dad recalls me singing in, like, perfect pitch when he was changing my diapers. And my father was a music teacher.</p><p>SIMON: (Laughter) Well, all of us fathers do that. But it's rarely true, you know?</p><p>ANGELAKOS: You know, I...</p><p>SIMON: Our daughters recited Shakespeare when I was changing...</p><p>ANGELAKOS: (Laughter).</p><p>SIMON: ...When my wife was changing their diapers.</p><p>ANGELAKOS: You know what? My parents are - my father being a musician - and he was a music teacher for, like, 15 years in public schools and everything. When his son suddenly becomes a professional musician - and, you know, you were always trying to be a musician - he's not, you know, the one who's going to just give me that for free, which - I love my father. You know, I love him to death. But it just naturally came to me. It was one of those things where, you know, they tried to pay for lessons. And I would go to lessons, and I'd get my hands slapped or - you know, because I just didn't understand why I needed to learn other people's music when I could just write my own. And I also just thought that with my obsession with the Beach Boys around 4 or 5, I thought they had annual tryouts. I thought they had, like, yearly tryouts. And so I was like...</p><p>SIMON: Oh, to be in the Beach Boys, you mean?</p><p>ANGELAKOS: Yeah. I just wanted to be a Beach Boy, really. And I thought, you know, I would impress them if I wrote songs. So I was a little bit of a brat. But I - it was encouraged. My family was very kind about allowing me to sit in my room. And I recorded over all my dad's tapes. I wreaked havoc. But at the end of the day, you know, they nurtured a songwriter. And that was really all I ever wanted to be.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF PASSION PIT SONG, "FOR SONDRA (IT MEANS THE WORLD TO ME)")</p><p>SIMON: Let's listen to one of the songs. This is "For Sondra."</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "FOR SONDRA (IT MEANS THE WORLD TO ME)")</p><p>PASSION PIT: (Singing) Darling, I know that you still take care of me. It means the world to me. And my life sways back and forth like light from above. It's true. Now we both can see.</p><p>SIMON: May I ask, who's Sondra?</p><p>ANGELAKOS: Sondra Radvanovsky, the opera singer. And I've met a lot of famous people in my life. But the - one of the only people who made me cry when I - upon meeting them, like, just freaking out was Sondra. Opera was something that I was introduced to very young. It was a thing that I shared with people I'm very close with, that I've had to go through a lot with. And something think about that night - meeting Sondra and everything - just brought the women in my life to a place where, I mean - I have - I'm just really grateful to my mother and my wife, my grandmother, all these people that I just didn't know how to talk about, really.</p><p>SIMON: This song lets you do that - talk to them?</p><p>ANGELAKOS: Yeah. You connect it to something - like a memory like that. It kind of allows you to access a certain place that is - I don't know - it's something that I remember thinking. At that time, I was like, I missed everybody. When I met Sondra, I missed everyone because at the time, I was blaming lots of people for problems that are just impossible to explain. They're in my head.</p><p>SIMON: Well, what does that mean?</p><p>ANGELAKOS: Well, I have bipolar 1 disorder - rapid cycling - with anxiety. I have PTSD. And what I've always been doing with my music, even though at certain points I just denied it flat out - it was just a way of explaining it sonically. And I just wanted to hear what it sounded like - what my bipolar disorder sounded like. And it would sound like - to me, I always like the underdog winning or something like that (laughter). And that's been my life - is really just trying to explain and apologize and work through this illogical world in my head that has actually been - it's been like running with weights. But no one can see the weights. And suddenly, at a certain point, you've lived through it. And that's one thing that I started realizing. It was, like, the hindrance became the power.</p><p>SIMON: The hindrance became the power.</p><p>ANGELAKOS: So with my illness, I started realizing, like, as a mental health advocate that everyone's going to deal with melancholia. Everyone is going to deal with anxiety, grief - so on and so forth. But how you walk through them is important because you could develop something very serious.</p><p>SIMON: Yeah.</p><p>ANGELAKOS: And I care deeply because when I was sexually molested - and what happened when I did not go to counseling when I was 12, 13, 14 years old - what happens - when you're in your 20s, these things develop bad behaviors that look like choices. But they become treatment, self-medicating, things that are really, really dangerous.</p><p>SIMON: I don't want to lose sight of your album because it's good music.</p><p>ANGELAKOS: (Laughter).</p><p>SIMON: Point us to a song you'd like us to hear.</p><p>ANGELAKOS: I think a song I love is "Hey K."</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "HEY K")</p><p>PASSION PIT: (Singing) Hey K, I'm fine. Just tell him what you need. You can run. I'll hide. Still, we end up on our knees. K, I swear just try and tell him what you need. Feel him emanate and never again feel weak.</p><p>ANGELAKOS: A lot of my music has been about my wife and my life with my disorder and how much we went through. And, you know, you're a hormonal nightmare as a male in your 20s (laughter). And you're just going through a lot on top of having a disorder and having to be at the center of attention the whole time. And, like, it's a giant miscommunication. But at a time when I just couldn't connect with her, I was manic. And a lot of people - when you're manic, you just, like - you have to really quarantine yourself. And so we weren't talking. But I just - through this music, I was able to kind of speak to her and say something along the lines of, don't forget that this entire - my entire life and everything that I'm doing, all of the, you know, work I'm doing now is because I'm also trying to protect you. I'm going to actually try to do something instead of just talk.</p><p>SIMON: Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit. Proceeds from his new album "Tremendous Sea Of Love" go to benefit the Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research. Thanks so much for speaking with us.</p><p>ANGELAKOS: Thanks so much for having me.</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesat/2017/08/20170812_wesat_the_hindrance_became_the_power_passion_pits_michael_angelakos_on_music_and_mental_health.mp3?d=452&amp;e=542672642&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=21&amp;p=7&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
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The Many Forms, Faces And Causes Of PTSD <p>Post-traumatic stress disorder is often associated with combat, but trauma comes in many forms.</p><p>About 7 or 8 percent of people experience PTSD at some point in their lives, according to theDepartment of Veterans Affairs.The rate is higher for women than for men: about 10 percent compared with 4 percent. Experiencing sexual assault or child sexual abuse, or living through accidents, disaster or witnessing death can all be contributing factors, in addition to time in combat with the military.</p><p>NPR'sWeekend Editionwanted to hear from those people who have struggled with PTSD, but not because of the reasons we often hear about.</p><p>Michael Coleman says he faced stress on a daily basis as a social worker in North Carolina. He worked for the government investigating foster care in the state for 13 years.</p><p>"When you knock on someone's door, they're not happy to see you," he tells NPR's Lulu Garcia-Navarro.</p><p>"There's physical abuse or sexual abuse," he says. "There's pretty severe neglect in cases."</p><p>He's shown up to houses with kids bleeding; he's interviewed kids with bruises at school. He had to visit "known drug houses," where his knees would start shaking before he even got out of his car.</p><p>Coleman didn't notice any symptoms of PTSD until after he quit that job to become a vocational counselor.</p><p>If someone asked him about his old job, he'd get emotional, he says, even at the bar with friends. "When you're crying into your beer, you're like, 'Why is this happening?' "</p><p>His new supervisor suggested seeing an employee assistance counselor after he would get emotional at work and have to go home early some days.</p><p>The idea of having PTSD didn't even cross his mind.</p><p>"My father is a Vietnam vet. My mother is a refugee. I have been around military veterans all my life and never would associate their PTSD the way I would with me," he says.</p><p>"I've never been through things like that, so once again it just never occurred to me."</p><p>The counselor asked if he'd worked with people who experienced domestic violence: yes. Did he work with people who were sexually and physically abused? Yes. Did they experience PTSD? Yes.</p><p>" 'Well, they weren't veterans,' " Coleman remembers the counselor telling him. "Then she kind of turned it around on me, she goes, 'Then why not you?' That just hit me really heavy."</p><p>He says he's doing better now — "I'm comfortable where I'm at."</p><p>Some of the symptoms Coleman talked about matched the "classic symptoms" of PTSD, Sandro Galea of the Boston University School of Public Health says.</p><p>Re-experiencing traumatic events; feeling both jumpy and withdrawn at the same time; avoiding reminders of his "time around the traumatic event."</p><p>Galea says having "post-traumatic" as part of the condition's name can be a little misleading.</p><p>"We know now that the lifetime experience before the trauma, the nature of the trauma itself, and what happens to you after the trauma — even though unrelated to trauma — all matter for whether you are going to get PTSD," he explains.</p><p>Unrelated stress afterward can have an effect on the symptoms, he says.</p><p>It's possible for most people to recover from PTSD with treatment — both cognitive behavioral therapy (talking) and medications have been shown to be effective.</p><p>But fewer than a third of people who could benefit from help actually get it, Galea says.</p><p>If you don't know where to turn, he says a good first step is reaching out to a primary care doctor, who can connect you with the right mental health professional.</p><p>The goal of treatment, he says, is "helping the person suffering these symptoms [to] recognize the physiological stimuli, adapt to them, and move on with what the person would like to do."</p><p>LULU GARCIA-NAVARRO, HOST:</p><p>And this is the Call-In. This week, we're talking about post-traumatic stress disorder. We received an overwhelming response. Hundreds of people told us their stories.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #1: I am a PTSD sufferer from when I was a pedestrian hit by a car when I was 20.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED MAN #1: Yeah, this is about my post-traumatic stress from my bear mauling.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #2: My husband and I both have PTSD after the suicide of our daughter.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #3: I had a traumatic experience with the birth of my daughter.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #4: I was in a car accident. Someone ran a red light and T-boned me.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED WOMAN #5: I am a multiple sexual assault survivor.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED MAN #2: I grew up in an abusive household.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: PTSD is often associated with combat. But as we heard there, trauma comes in many forms. Studies show that up to 8 percent of Americans have suffered PTSD at some point in their lives. Michael Coleman is part of that 8 percent. He's a retired social worker who has struggled with the disorder. Listening in with Coleman's permission is Dr. Sandro Galea of Boston University who studies PTSD. And we'll be hearing from him in a minute. But first, Michael, thanks for calling in.</p><p>MICHAEL COLEMAN: No problem.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So tell me a little bit about your work.</p><p>COLEMAN: I was a social worker for 13 years. And I worked with the Department of Social Services in North Carolina in foster care investigations.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So when you say foster care investigations, what kind of work did you do? What kind of stories did you hear?</p><p>COLEMAN: Well, it's not so much hearing stories. But you're going out there on a constant basis. And you're going into situations that are very stressful because when you knock on someone's door, they're not happy to see you. And of course, the situations can vary - everything in that. But there's physical abuse. There's sexual abuse. There's pretty severe neglect in cases. And you have to see it all. And I've seen children who were bleeding when I got to the home.</p><p>I've gone out to schools and interviewed children and have them, you know - we have to ask them with a witness to maybe, you know, take off a piece of clothing. And you see bruises. And you see kids bleeding. And so some of it you see firsthand. And there are situations when you go into some neighborhoods to like known drug houses where your knees will shake when you get out of the car. So you really have to got - get yourself composed so you can go and do your job.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Were you experiencing symptoms at the time?</p><p>COLEMAN: If I was, I didn't recognize it as such.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: When did you first realize something might be wrong?</p><p>COLEMAN: It wasn't until I actually quit doing that job. I had moved on and was a vocational counselor...</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Which is less stressful.</p><p>COLEMAN: Oh, yeah, much less stressful. And what would happen - I would be, say, you know, sitting having a beer, talking to a couple of friends or people that I'd meet. And if I started talking about my old job - you know, people would say, like, you know, hey, what brought you up here? And, you know, why did you move and stuff? I would find myself getting emotional. And it was one of those things where it was quite unexpected. When you're crying into your beer, you're like, why is this happening?</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So what did you do? How did you find your way to getting help?</p><p>COLEMAN: Well, luckily, I had a very good supervisor at my new job. And I explained to her some of the feelings that I was having and that it was happening at work. It wasn't necessarily preventing me from doing my job. But I was getting emotional at times where I kind of withdrew, and I might have to sign out and go home. And she suggested going to see our EAP counselor.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Employee assistance program.</p><p>COLEMAN: Yes ma'am, an employee assistance program. And the counselor did an excellent job. I mean, I told her what was happening to me. And I lived - my father is a Vietnam vet. My mother is a refugee. I have been around military veterans all my life and never would associate their PTSD the way I would with me. It was just I thought I've never been through things like that. So once again, it just never occurred to me.</p><p>But the counselor I spoke with, you know, she actually brought up my social work experience. And she said, you know, during the time you did all that work, did you work with people who had been exposed to domestic violence? And, of course, the answer was yes. And have you worked with people who have been sexually and physically abused? And I'm like, yes. And she goes, did some of them have PTSD? And I said, yeah. You know, I worked with them and their psychologist, you know, at length at times. And she goes, well, they weren't veterans. And I was like, yes. And so - and then she kind of turned it around on me. She goes, then, why not you? That just hit me really heavy.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: How are you doing now?</p><p>COLEMAN: Doing a lot better. And I'm comfortable where I'm at. But I do kind of know it's out there.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: That's Michael Coleman, a former social worker who wrestled with PTSD. Thank you, Michael.</p><p>COLEMAN: No problem.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: We'll turn now to Sandro Galea. He serves as dean at the Boston University School of Public Health. Welcome to the program.</p><p>SANDRO GALEA: Thank you for having me.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: You were listening to that conversation with Michael Coleman.</p><p>GALEA: I was.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So let's start with the basics. What kind of range of symptoms do people with PTSD experience?</p><p>GALEA: I thought Michael was describing a number of the classic symptoms that are diagnostic for post-traumatic stress. He was re-experiencing the events that he had lived that were traumatic for him. He was feeling jumpy and, at the same time, also feeling withdrawn. And he was trying to avoid both social interactions and other reminders of his time around the traumatic event.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: I, obviously, spent a long time covering conflicts. And I had acute PTSD for a while. And I got treatment. And as you mentioned, there is sort of a range of different things that you can experience. I had the sort of more classic things to do with combat - nightmares and anxiety. But our understanding of who this disorder can impact has changed a lot since the Vietnam War era.</p><p>GALEA: Yeah. The diagnosis of PTSD has only existed formally since 1980. Now, of course, PTSD is like any other mental illness, a physiological illness, which has existed as long as we've had humans on the planet. And you can see descriptions of symptoms going back thousands of years that are consistent with it.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: What do we know about who might be affected by PTSD?</p><p>GALEA: Well, what is interesting about the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress is that it has the word post-traumatic in the title, which makes one think that we can simply focus on the trauma itself and what happens afterwards. But, in fact, we know now that the lifetime experience before the trauma, the nature of the trauma itself and what happens to you after the trauma, even though unrelated to trauma, all matter for whether you are going to get PTSD and the course of PTSD.</p><p>So to be a bit more specific, let's start with before the traumatic event. Childhood traumas are highly predictive - these adverse childhood experiences of subsequent PTSD if you experience a traumatic event. And then you move on to after a traumatic event. So an event happens. And what one sees is - first of all, most people will end up having symptoms right away and keep them. But the question is, who keeps the symptoms in the long term? And we know from a number of studies that experiencing other stressful events that have nothing to do with the trauma - so, for example, experiencing divorce or experiencing problems with kids in school - will prolong the course of post-traumatic stress. So, really, we have to look at before the trauma, the trauma itself and after the trauma.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Let's talk about treatment. Can you recover from PTSD?</p><p>GALEA: Yeah, absolutely. In fact, the treatments are broadly in two categories. You have cognitive-behavioral-therapy type treatments, which is sort of talk therapy. And you have pharmacological type treatment, which is drugs. The two probably are comparably effective. But that does not mean that there's not a proportion who go on to have chronic PTSD that is resistant to treatment. But fortunately, that is a minority.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: I did EMDR. That's what helped me. Can you talk a little bit about what that is and if that is still a treatment that is considered effective?</p><p>GALEA: Yeah. EMDR involves eye movements. It's very unclear whether or not those eye movements are in some ways therapeutic or, really, some other marker for just the engagement between the patient and the therapist. But broadly speaking, what we do know is that a constellation of different approaches - all of which involve helping the person suffering the symptoms - recognize the physiological stimuli, adapt to them and move on with what the person would like to do.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: The other thing I did, which I think is very common, is that I got a dog.</p><p>GALEA: Yes.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: I did it, actually, on the same day that I was going to have my first therapy session. I actually went to the pound and got my first adopted dog. But, yeah, I actually showed up covered in dog fur (laughter) because the dog had jumped all over me.</p><p>GALEA: Yeah. There is a long tradition of service animals being helpful for people with PTSD as well as with other forms of mental illness. It's tricky because there really is no standard evidence about the utility of service animals. But certainly, you see that these animals do provide comfort to a whole range of people with post-traumatic stress disorder.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: What's your best advice? If you are someone who is suffering from PTSD, what is the best thing to do and where can you find those resources?</p><p>GALEA: Yeah. We know, unfortunately, that fewer than a third of people who could benefit from help actually get help. And we - the best advice would be if you think you have symptoms, if you think that you were experiencing something like this, you should really see a counselor. And frequently, I think people who have a hard time knowing say, well, how do I get a counselor? And we know that, probably, the best point of access is a primary care provider - be it the nurse or be it the doctor or be it a social worker. Someone who has contact with any primary care health provider will know how, within one system, they can connect you with a counselor.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: So ask at your job, like our guest did, or ask your doctor.</p><p>GALEA: Absolutely.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Get help, though, if you feel like you need it.</p><p>GALEA: Absolutely. We know that people do do better with help. We also know that people do not get help as much as they could.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: That's Sandro Galea. He's dean at the Boston University School of Public Health. Thank you so very much.</p><p>GALEA: Thank you.</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Earlier in the segment, we heard from former social worker, Michael Coleman.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF CORDUROI'S "MY DEAR")</p><p>GARCIA-NAVARRO: Next week on the Call In, your experiences at the Thanksgiving table, what dustups you anticipate and how all the dust settles. Start by telling us what kinds of disagreements you expect as you look forward to Turkey Day. Call in at 202-216-9217. Be sure to include your full name, your contact info, where you're from, and we may use it on the air. That number again 202-216-9217.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF CORDUROI'S "MY DEAR")</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/wesun/2017/11/20171119_wesun_the_many_forms_faces_and_causes_of_ptsd.mp3?d=671&amp;e=565148258&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=11&amp;p=10&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
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2 Huntington Beach Voters Weigh In On Tight Calif. House Race <p>DAVID GREENE, HOST:</p><p>We are in Orange County - this is just south of LA - in California's 48th Congressional District. There's a close race here that might help determine whether Republicans hang onto the House or whether Democrats take control. We visited three corners of this seaside district, and one was Huntington Beach, a place that many call Surf City, USA. Now, California might be known for the anti-Trump Resistance. Well, you might say Huntington Beach is part of the resistance to that resistance.</p><p>It's a conservative city that won a lawsuit against the state government over its so-called sanctuary law. California lawmakers don't want local police departments cooperating with federal immigration authorities to target people here illegally. Huntington Beach argued, we can cooperate with them if we want to. A city council meeting about this issue lasted six hours and drew more than a hundred speakers. There were people there with signs that said things like, we heart President Trump, and also, build wall, deport them all.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED GROUP: (Chanting) USA, USA, USA, USA.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: Order please. Order please.</p><p>GREENE: All this passion, you can understand where it comes from if you talk to a voter like Donna Keller.</p><p>DONNA KELLER: Well, I'm a woman, single - well, sort of single. So my first thing is safety. So the illegal immigration is always on my mind. You don't know who's coming here. So I - you will never see me in LA or, you know, certain cities after dark because it's just - I don't feel safe.</p><p>GREENE: Donna Keller is the daughter of an immigrant herself. Her mom moved to the U.S. from Japan. I was chatting with Donna this week at her home, which also serves as a workspace for her ceramics business.</p><p>KELLER: You don't see a lot of people that can do these ceramic pieces.</p><p>GREENE: They're beautiful.</p><p>KELLER: Yeah. Well, I had a helper named Pablo, and he was amazing. And he was deported. And he should be here.</p><p>GREENE: So what do you think of President Trump in general and his approach to immigration?</p><p>KELLER: I like it because I think he has to be that way.</p><p>GREENE: It's, like, what if someone who is concerned about immigrants' rights said to you, how can you have it both ways? How can you both support someone like Pablo and your other friends who are in the country illegally and also support President Trump, who is so tough on people who are in the country illegally? Like, how can you...</p><p>KELLER: How could I...</p><p>GREENE: ...Have it both ways?</p><p>KELLER: How could I put those two together?</p><p>GREENE: Yeah.</p><p>KELLER: I don't see Trump like that. I don't think they're mutually exclusive. I think you could want to have good laws to protect us because that's the main job of the federal government is to protect us. We need borders. And I also think that there's room to have these people that want to come here and have a better life, that they should be able to stay here.</p><p>You know, I think there should be a way that we should say, you know, Mr. Trump, you need to let, you know, Pablo stay here. He's a law-abiding citizen. And get the little - the sleazy ones that are, you know, doing the trafficking and the drugs and the - you know, that's what we have to focus on, not the people that just want to bring something to the table here. I mean, don't you agree?</p><p>GREENE: What role will this election play?</p><p>KELLER: Well, I think it'll put more people in Congress, in the Senate, hopefully. And it'll be able to push through Trump's agenda. And I think - because the left - from what I'm hearing, if they get power, all they're going to do is investigations and impeach - that doesn't win my heart. And I think if they win, that's what they're going to do. And I don't think that's a good thing.</p><p>GREENE: Now, Donna Keller told me not everyone has reacted so well to her support of the president.</p><p>KELLER: Oh, yeah. I've had people via Facebook that call me racist and all this other stuff. And I'm like, really? You're friends with a racist. Why aren't you unfriending me if you think I'm a racist?</p><p>GREENE: Why do they call you that?</p><p>KELLER: Because I support Trump. It's just so unbecoming. It's just...</p><p>GREENE: Does it hurt?</p><p>KELLER: It's surprising to me that they would say that to me because I'm, like, the nicest person in the world. Like, I would do anything for anybody. I would...</p><p>GREENE: Are these friends? Like, people who you've...</p><p>KELLER: Yeah. Oh, yeah. They're friends. And it's like - I call it the Trump derangement syndrome. I know you've heard of it. But it's - they're so, like, different people when you bring up Trump. It's like it flips a switch for them.</p><p>GREENE: Now, about 3 miles away, in another Huntington Beach home, we spoke with Shayna Lathus.</p><p>You turned your living room into campaign headquarters.</p><p>SHAYNA LATHUS: It's all campaign central right now.</p><p>GREENE: You have precinct maps on the wall. Where are your precinct maps?</p><p>LATHUS: Oh, right back here.</p><p>GREENE: Really?</p><p>She is a middle school teacher who's running for city council and would seem to have nothing at all in common with Donna Keller. Then again, these are two women whose politics are motivated by the same emotion - fear. Shayna Lathus said she remembers feeling it at her middle school the morning after Trump was elected.</p><p>LATHUS: On that day, when I know that so many people were just devastated and in shock and crawling back under the covers, I knew I didn't have the luxury of doing that because I had hundreds of Latino students at my school that were going to be terrified.</p><p>GREENE: What was scaring them?</p><p>LATHUS: They were worried that their parents were going to be deported.</p><p>GREENE: And some of their parents were, she told me, only making her students more nervous.</p><p>LATHUS: And it definitely has an effect on how they learn.</p><p>GREENE: In what way?</p><p>LATHUS: When you're living in fear, it's really hard to learn about things like cells and body systems. I have several students who - we've been trying to get their parents to come in for conferences or to discuss their child's individualized education plan that won't come because they're afraid of getting picked up. And the students have shared with me, my mom doesn't have papers, so we don't leave. They can't - they're afraid to come to school.</p><p>GREENE: Shayna Lathus is a Democrat, and that's the way she's going to be voting next month - for Harley Rouda over Republican Congressman Dana Rohrabacher. But she says what she wants most is lawmakers who are willing to work with the other side.</p><p>LATHUS: I have to believe that there are people on both sides of the aisle that really do want to work together, that this divisiveness - I really want to believe that that's not who we are as a nation.</p><p>GREENE: Because it's amazing - just as a journalist who watches these debates from afar, it seems like so quickly, you are labeled as someone who just wants to protect immigrants in this country and doesn't care about the safety of people. And people on the other side are labeled as racist. And there's just no way to actually build bridges.</p><p>LATHUS: That is how it looks if you're reading things on the Internet. But if you're out there in the community and you're walking with us, you'll see that there's far more that does bring us together than divides us.</p><p>GREENE: And so you'd be ready to settle people down who are just calling the president racist and say, that's not helpful. Let's try and work through this.</p><p>LATHUS: I would do that, absolutely. I don't know that I would actually be able to come out and say, he's not racist. But I think I could say something along the lines of, continuing to push that narrative is not helpful. What is something that we can talk about that is helpful?</p><p>GREENE: That was the voice of Shayna Lathus. And before that, we heard from Donna Keller. They're two voters here in Orange County, Calif. And we're going to take you to other corners of this district elsewhere in the program.</p><p>(SOUNDBITE OF CRAFT SPELLS' "DWINDLE")</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181019_me_huntington_beach_voters.mp3?d=464000&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=13&amp;e=658721717&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
2 months ago 0 0 0 0
Democrat Tries To Unseat GOP Incumbent In Tight Calif. House Race <p>DAVID GREENE, HOST:</p><p>Those waves behind me - I know they're not your typical soundtrack for election coverage. But here in Orange County, Calif., there's a really interesting race that could help determine whether Republicans hang on to control of the House. Republican Congressman Dana Rohrabacher has served the 48th Congressional District here for nearly three decades. But there is a political newcomer, Democrat Harley Rouda, who seems to have a shot at unseating him. This district - it has been moving to the left, and we got a hint of why that is the other night.</p><p>We were in Laguna Niguel. It's one of the uber-wealthy towns in the hills above the Pacific here. And this is where some very rich voters are changing the political landscape.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED PERSON: So what was your name again?</p><p>ERIC MCDANIEL, BYLINE: Eric McDaniel.</p><p>GREENE: That was our editor Eric giving his name, so we could pull through the gate. We then went up to a house where there was a Porsche parked in front of this huge fountain. And our host, Duraid Antone, brought us inside.</p><p>Hey. David.</p><p>DURAID ANTONE: Morning, David. How are you?</p><p>GREENE: Nice to meet you.</p><p>ANTONE: Good.</p><p>GREENE: Anton is Iraqi-American. He moved from Baghdad to the U.S. when he was 6 years old. He served in intelligence in the U.S. military, and then he made a bundle running and then selling medical device companies. As for his politics...</p><p>ANTONE: I was a Republican for 31 years. When I actually turned 18 and joined the military, we were just coming off of, you know, Ronald Reagan being president and really the strong stance he had against, you know, Russia and Gorbachev and his charm and charisma. It was really cool to be a Republican at the time.</p><p>GREENE: But he doesn't see it that way anymore. Antone registered as a Democrat for the first time this year. He's been high-dollar fundraising for Democrats, including Congressman Rohrabacher's opponent. This really has been a defining year for him. He says President Trump has been undermining democratic institutions, though he says his thinking was starting to change a few years ago. Antone voted for President Barack Obama, even though Democrats usually push tax policies that cost wealthy people like him a whole lot.</p><p>ANTONE: To me, his policies, from a business perspective, hurt me, OK? Now, mind you - I say that very loosely. I live in a beautiful home. I got beautiful cars (laughter) outside. I got a wonderful wife - life, not even just wife - phenomenal wife, by the way - wonderful wife (laughter).</p><p>GREENE: Wonderful wife and life.</p><p>ANTONE: And life - exactly.</p><p>GREENE: What about Rohrabacher? Have you supported him in the past?</p><p>ANTONE: Well, yeah, I believe I voted for him every time, not because I believed in his policies. I just went down party lines. And this is the thing that...</p><p>GREENE: Up through, like, the most recent elections?</p><p>ANTONE: Yeah, even the last ones. I believe so, yeah, because it's not like I spend a lot of time looking at Dana and his policies or what he's done for my district or not. And I would say a lot of people were in that element, you know?</p><p>GREENE: So you would vote for, say, Barack Obama but then Republicans straight through in everything else.</p><p>ANTONE: Correct.</p><p>GREENE: Huh.</p><p>ANTONE: Correct.</p><p>GREENE: And why - just because you still consider yourself...</p><p>ANTONE: Conservative - fiscally, fiscally. It took us to this point where we finally have to go back and say, why did we get here? How did we get here?</p><p>GREENE: What would you tell a Republican voter who struggles to make enough money to pay the mortgage, send, you know, maybe a kid to college, hanging on desperately to a job, really believes that Donald Trump was the right person to fight for them? And they're like, you know what? You're sitting there on the beach in Orange County...</p><p>ANTONE: Sure.</p><p>GREENE: ...Making a ton of money - good riddance. This is our party now.</p><p>ANTONE: No, I understand how these individuals got to Donald Trump - but clearly were impacted with a lot of the, you know, auto plants shutting down, taking their manufacturing to China or Mexico or Canada. And these people were devastated, and...</p><p>GREENE: And Trump gave them hope.</p><p>ANTONE: Great. So what is it that you identify with him? I mean, outside of this rhetoric of, you know, draining the swamp, do you sacrifice where we are as a nation as far as the level of insult, derogatory comments, integrity, character, civility - for what? - just for a $300, $400 tax break? Maybe you would, you know, and I think that's where we differ.</p><p>GREENE: The fact that you have become a Democrat this year, registered, and this - something has clicked for you.</p><p>ANTONE: Yes.</p><p>GREENE: What does that say about our country right now, this moment?</p><p>ANTONE: Yeah, it's crazy. I mean, yeah, we're in a very unique time. And I just feel like what we have at risk is just losing our democracy and our ways as - because I go back. And I took for granted what I stand for and what I represent. And it really took me a while to understand that I am the American dream - someone that came here, humble beginnings. You know, and I look at my parents - the struggles. They've sacrificed. To leave a country like Iraq, come to a state like Detroit, Mich. - cold as hell - with barely any money in their pocket, you know, and to all sacrifice for the greater good of their kids - you go, what a sacrifice. And we've taken that sacrifice for granted.</p><p>GREENE: All right. So that was Duraid Antone. He is one of the voters we've been speaking to here in California's 48th Congressional District. It is right along the ocean in Orange County, Calif. We're going to hear a lot more voices throughout the morning.</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181019_me_democrat_tries_to_unseat_gop_incumbent_in_tight_calif_house_race.mp3?d=340000&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=9&amp;e=658721700&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
2 months ago 0 0 0 0
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Vietnamese Vote Is Key To California's 48th Congressional District Race <p>DAVID GREENE, HOST:</p><p>There is a competitive race here in California's 48th Congressional District. Voters here might really help determine control of the House of Representatives. And we have been spending time listening to what is on their minds. So this is Orange County. It's home to the largest Vietnamese population in the United States. Part of this district is actually known as Little Saigon. And Thien-Tam Tran lives here. She works in community affairs for a utility company. She is raising two kids. Her parents also live in this community, but she says their lives and hers are so different.</p><p>THIEN-TAM TRAN: My parents are pretty much - their lives are in Little Saigon. My dad works at a pharmacy, and so their lives are in the Vietnamese community, right? And for me, I go out in the world. I experience racism. I know what it feels like to be discriminated against. I think my parents haven't because really their lives are here. Their community is here. They go to Vietnamese Mass, they go to - their customers are Vietnamese, are diverse. And now I realize my experience as an American is very different from my dad.</p><p>GREENE: And these generational differences extend into politics. Older Vietnamese Americans have tended to vote Republican. Many of them fled Communism, and they see Republican presidents from Reagan on as being tougher on Communist leaders. Some younger people, like Thien-Tam Tran, have been leaning more Democratic, and that is one reason the party believes they can unseat the Republican incumbent here. So when we went to visit Thien-Tam Tran, we had heard there were some political differences in her family, though I'm not sure she herself knew quite how stark they were.</p><p>UNIDENTIFIED CHILD: Hi.</p><p>GREENE: Hi. Hi.</p><p>She invited us into her parents' home. Her kids were playing around, they were eating snacks and they were orbiting around their grandfather. Cau Tran is Thien-Tam's father. He primarily speaks Vietnamese in his everyday life, including when he talks politics with his daughter. He's been backing Republicans since he first started voting in 1992, and he told me he was certainly no fan of President Barack Obama, who he said just wasn't tough enough on the world stage.</p><p>CAU TRAN: Obama, I don't like him very much.</p><p>GREENE: And then what - now I guess we're - today we have Trump. What do you think of Trump so far?</p><p>C. TRAN: So far in this country, he do a good job.</p><p>GREENE: What do you like? What do you...</p><p>C. TRAN: The unemployment rate is low. And the stock market profit increasing.</p><p>GREENE: So the economy is important to you?</p><p>C. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>T. TRAN: This is eye-opening. (Laughter). I didn't realize how he thought of Trump 'cause we haven't talked about that.</p><p>GREENE: This is the first time you're having...</p><p>T. TRAN: Yeah. So I'm surprised because then I'll have a conversation - well, what about the other stuff that he does? Against the media, against, like, just civil society? We grew up knowing how undemocratic Vietnam is. The crackdowns on freedom of the press, on basic rights. Women don't have the same rights there.</p><p>And to see some of that happening now in America, you know, in some factions of government, is scary because that was something that I never would imagine we would be in a situation where we have a president basically calling the press the enemy of the people. Like, we hear that from Communist Vietnam, but we don't hear - you know, I would never had imagined that would be reality here today.</p><p>GREENE: Could you say that to your dad?</p><p>T. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>GREENE: I just wonder why, when Trump calls the media enemy of the people, what your reaction is to that.</p><p>T. TRAN: (Speaking Vietnamese).</p><p>C. TRAN: I think that is sometimes the press talk about what they think, but they don't care about the truth. You just had said that CNN against Trump, but Fox support him.</p><p>T. TRAN: So they're not - they're biased.</p><p>C. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>T. TRAN: Fox News clearly is biased.</p><p>GREENE: I don't know if your dad sees it that way.</p><p>T. TRAN: (Speaking Vietnamese). Fox is, like, Trump's, you know, megaphone. (Laughter).</p><p>GREENE: You think the media is too negative...</p><p>C. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>GREENE: ...About Trump?</p><p>C. TRAN: It's not fair. They say that Russia interfere into the election in this country. But when they know that? Why they don't action before the election? They wait until from vote elected, and they make issue.</p><p>GREENE: So if they find out that Trump worked with the Russians, would that bother you?</p><p>C. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>GREENE: But you don't...</p><p>T. TRAN: So my dad just needs proof.</p><p>GREENE: You don't believe that yet?</p><p>T. TRAN: (Laughter).</p><p>C. TRAN: They don't prove that. I don't need to believe them.</p><p>T. TRAN: (Speaking Vietnamese).</p><p>C. TRAN: They don't prove that.</p><p>T. TRAN: (Speaking Vietnamese).</p><p>C. TRAN: Yes.</p><p>T. TRAN: So he believes that the Mueller investigation should continue so they have - we have the facts. I agree with that. Yeah.</p><p>GREENE: So there's something you agree on.</p><p>T. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>GREENE: There are a lot of families who have been divided over their views of Trump. Like, you hear, like, dinner conversations that go really badly and, I mean, people get up from the table.</p><p>T. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>GREENE: I mean, this, it doesn't seem to be happening in this family.</p><p>T. TRAN: No because I don't think our country should be torn apart because of one person. I clearly am strongly against, you know, what the president stands for, but I also believe it's important to - I mean, I respect my parents. I know what their experience has been. And we came here so that we can have the freedom to have different views, to have these kind of conversations, 'cause they don't happen in Vietnam. And so the fact that my dad has a different view from me on this particular issue, that doesn't bother me because we have that freedom. That's why my parents left Vietnam to be here in the first place.</p><p>C. TRAN: Everybody got to go to voting.</p><p>T. TRAN: Yes.</p><p>C. TRAN: Vote for our choice and for our future as we're thinking.</p><p>GREENE: So you think everybody should vote?</p><p>C. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>T. TRAN: You know, my father - I didn't mention at the beginning - after the war, he was a political prisoner for - (speaking Vietnamese)?</p><p>C. TRAN: Three year.</p><p>T. TRAN: Three years he was held in a political concentration camp, or (speaking Vietnamese)?</p><p>C. TRAN: Re-education camp.</p><p>T. TRAN: Yeah. Where the Communist tries to, you know, basically get him to change his thinking.</p><p>GREENE: It's powerful to hear you say that people should vote...</p><p>C. TRAN: Yeah.</p><p>GREENE: ...Coming from the history that you have.</p><p>T. TRAN: Yeah. I just think we need to vote to protect our democracy. (Laughter).</p><p>C. TRAN: Don't worry about we vote wrong or right because if we vote wrong, the next time we make it right.</p><p>T. TRAN: We have another chance? (Laughter).</p><p>C. TRAN: We have another chance to (laughter) make it.</p><p>GREENE: That was Thien-Tam Tran and her father, Cau Tran. They're two voters here in Orange County, Calif., and we're going to take you to other corners of this district elsewhere on the program this morning.</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/10/20181019_me_vietnamese_vote_is_key_to_californias_48th_congressional_district_race.mp3?d=418000&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=2&amp;e=658721663&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
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The Youngest 2020 Candidate Pushes A Platform Of 'Inter-Generational Justice' <p>Pete Buttigieg, the 37-year-old Democratic mayor of South Bend, Ind., announced last week that he intends to run for president.</p><p>An openly gay man and a veteran of the war in Afghanistan, Buttigieg has been identified by top Democrats — including former President Barack Obama – as a potential future leader for the party.</p><p>He first rose to national prominence in 2017 through an unsuccessful bid to serve as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. A millennial from a red state, Buttigieg positioned himself as a third path for Democrats in a leadership race defined by the split between the party's establishment and progressive wings, but he dropped out shortly before the ballots were cast.</p><p>In a conversation with NPR about his memoirShortest Way Home, Buttigieg says that the 2020 election should be focused on what he calls "inter-generational justice." He says he worries about what the United States will be like in 2054 — the year he would turn 72, the current age of President Trump.</p><p>"We have got to change the trajectory that we're on so that mine is not the first generation to be worse off economically than my parents' was," Buttigieg tells NPR's Steve Inskeep. "If there's one center of gravity to all of it, I think it's this question of the future."</p><p>On how his time as mayor of South Bend, Ind., prepared him for the presidency</p><p>We transformed the trajectory of our city. This is a community that was written off as dying at the beginning of this decade. Now it's growing again. We had a massive problem with vacant and abandoned properties, an economy that felt like it was stagnating. And we were able not only to deal with some of our local problems, but also to work on closing the gap to the numbers for other parts of the country.</p><p>I think any executive role — especially the presidency — there are three parts to it. It's competently running an administration, it's implementing good policies, and above all, it's calling people to their highest values in tough times and bringing them together. I think a good mayor does that. I think we've been able to do that in South Bend. I think that's missing in the White House right now, and that's got to change.</p><p>On his approach to creating jobs</p><p>We tried to make sure that we were diversifying our economy. We recognized that the auto industry that built our city was not going to come back in its old form, and so we had to conquer the nostalgia and the temptation to do what sometimes is called "smokestack chasing" — a giant, lucrative economic incentive in order to land the big facility or factory that's supposed to be the salvation of our problems.</p><p>Don't get me wrong, we're still doing manufacturing ... but we recognize that it's increasingly automated and there's got to be more to the story. That's why we're growing an industry in data centers and industries that didn't even exist when our town was making Studebakers back in the '60s.</p><p>On his sense of ambition</p><p>Any time you run for any office you reveal yourself to be ambitious. Every time I've decided to run and every time I've decided not to run – which has happened after some recruitment efforts for Congress and a question over whether to run for governor — it's always motivated by this basic set of questions.</p><p>Question No. 1: What ... does the office call for? And question No. 2: What do I bring to the table? I never would have guessed growing up — or frankly as recently as two years ago — that I would possibly be talking about national office.</p><p>And I'm also conscious — as someone from a new generation, somebody living in a part of the country that has been neglected but in many ways holds the key to, I believe, our social and political life — that I have something to offer that is different. And the only way to find out whether enough people agree will be to step out onto the national stage.</p><p>On his chances of becoming president</p><p>I understand this is very much an underdog project. But I also don't think that you should ever run for any office that you do not seek to win.</p><p>The way I view it, there are so many people in that it's going to be a wide open field, at least through the first quarter. And then, going into the second quarter, there'll be more and more of a contest — not just over initial media splash, but really ideas. What kinds of ideas are you going to bring to the table and what makes you different than the others?</p><p>So I think by the time the debates begin happening in the middle of the summer, people will have to stand on their own two feet. And I think the challenge for somebody like me is to make sure that there is enough oxygen out there for people to understand what we're about. And then it will be up to me, through substance, to put enough meat on the bones to outlast the flavor of the month period that's coming up.</p><p>Kevin Tidmarsh produced the broadcast version of this story.</p><p>STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:</p><p>Do not accuse Pete Buttigieg of thinking small. He is the Democratic mayor of South Bend, Ind. He is 37 years old, and he is running for president.</p><p>PETE BUTTIGIEG: And I'm also conscious, as someone from a new generation, somebody living in a part of the country that has been neglected but, in many ways, holds the key to, I believe, our social and political life, that I have something to offer that is different.</p><p>INSKEEP: Pete Buttigieg has spent two terms as mayor. And during that time, he took a leave to serve with the Navy Reserve in Afghanistan. He is openly gay. And he is author of a new memoir called "Shortest Way Home."</p><p>Analysts assume Buttigieg is a long shot in a crowded presidential field. But when you talk with him, you hear the thinking of a Democrat who may have a long career ahead.</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: The biggest thing that has happened is we transformed the trajectory of our city. This is a community that was written off as dying at the beginning of this decade. Now it's growing again.</p><p>Any executive role, especially the presidency, there are three parts to it. It's competently running an administration. It's implementing good policies. And above all, it's calling people to their highest values in tough times and bringing them together. I think a good mayor does that. I think we've been able to do that in South Bend. I think that's missing in the White House right now, and that's got to change.</p><p>INSKEEP: What was your approach to creating jobs?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: Well, we tried to make sure that we were diversifying our economy. We recognized that the auto industry that built our city was not going to come back in its old form. And so we had to conquer the temptation to do what's sometimes called smokestack chasing - you know, a giant, lucrative economic incentive in order to land the big facility or factory that's supposed to be the salvation to our problems.</p><p>Don't get me wrong. We're still doing manufacturing. We're still growing an industry. But we recognize that it's increasingly automated, and there's got to be more to the story. That's why we're growing an industry in data centers and industries that didn't even exist when our town was making Studebakers back in the '60s.</p><p>INSKEEP: So we have a source native of South Bend who says that in spite of the job growth in South Bend that you have a persistent homeless problem. Is that correct?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: It's certainly the case that we have issues with homelessness. And we've worked very hard on that. I'd also say my administration has acted more aggressively and committed more resources to this issue than at any time since, I think, our city first got its Center for the Homeless in 1988.</p><p>INSKEEP: You've had to break up 10 cities, from time to time?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: Not exactly, but we did have to do cleaning operations and really discourage encampments from forming.</p><p>INSKEEP: Oh, meaning you moved them. They didn't want to go, but you felt it was for their own good, as well as the city's own good.</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: Well, actually, constitutionally, somebody's within their rights to be in a public right of way. But we did come through and do cleaning with areas where it was clearly becoming unsafe.</p><p>But what we tried, most of all, to do was to make sure that people understood that there were alternative resources and to increase the availability of permanent supportive housing. So for example, one of the locations where we saw the most people in camp two winters ago, we found now that more of those people are indoors, thank goodness.</p><p>INSKEEP: When I was getting ready for this interview, I ran across a photograph, and it shows Mayor Pete Buttigieg walking down a street in South Bend with a person described as his Harvard classmate, Mark Zuckerberg of Facebook. How well do you know him?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: Fairly well. He decided that he wanted to visit all 50 states. When I met him, I told him if he was going to visit Indiana, he really should come see what's going on in South Bend. I was eager to show off our tech sector. He seemed more interested in the Juvenile Justice Center.</p><p>INSKEEP: What did you see in the Juvenile Justice Center?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: One of the most striking things, actually, is the role that social media played in their lives. And shockingly, one of the top origin stories for a lot of cases of violence often affecting young people is disagreement. And a lot of that plays out on social media now.</p><p>INSKEEP: In your judgment, is Zuckerberg doing enough to improve the public debate that takes place on Facebook?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: I think he's taking those responsibilities seriously. But I think he's also confronted - and every one of these big companies - with the reality that their corporate policy decisions are now public policy decisions. And I don't know if he's fully been able to master that, and I don't know that anybody in the sector has.</p><p>INSKEEP: If they are public policy decisions, would you, if elected president, be moving to regulate companies such as Facebook?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: There's no question that the U.S. needs a comprehensive data policy. And I would look across the Atlantic here. Many countries have been very intentional about establishing people's rights when it comes to data. Even just clarifying that you are the owner of your data has a lot of implications, and I think it's something we need to look at.</p><p>INSKEEP: Meaning you would favor something like the European standard for data protection.</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: Something like that. We have to have that conversation.</p><p>INSKEEP: What would you say if Zuckerberg called you back and said, listen; I had a nice tour of the juvenile justice system, but I'm really concerned about what you're saying here about data?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: Well, I think that as somebody who cares about what his product is doing for and to the country and the world that he should take these questions seriously. I imagine that he does, and I think that this is a legitimate and important public policy conversation that we simply have to have. We can't allow one of the most important dimensions of our citizenship, of our life and society to be left in a complete Wild West environment.</p><p>INSKEEP: Is there one issue you want to leave us with that you expect to be the centerpiece of the 2020 campaign, whoever the nominee might be?</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: I think the big issue has to do with intergenerational justice. There is a question now of what kind of world this is going to be in 2054, which is when I'll reach the current age of the current president. And we have got to change the trajectory that we're on so that mine is not the first generation to be worse off economically than my parents' was. And if there's one center of gravity to all of it, I think it's this question of the future.</p><p>INSKEEP: Pete Buttigieg is the mayor of South Bend, Ind., Democratic presidential candidate and author of a book called "Shortest Way Home." Thanks so much.</p><p>BUTTIGIEG: Thank you.</p><p><a href="https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2019/01/20190131_me_the_youngest_2020_candidate_pushes_a_platform_of_inter-generational_justice.mp3?d=341&amp;size=5457279&amp;e=690083393&amp;t=progseg&amp;seg=12&amp;p=3&amp;sc=siteplayer&amp;aw_0_1st.playerid=siteplayer">Listen to audio</a></p>
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