Metaphor identification using large language models: A comparison of RAG, prompt engineering, and fine-tuning Metaphor is a pervasive feature of discourse and a powerful lens for examining cognition, emotion, and ideology. Large-scale analysis, however, has been constrained by the need for manual annotation d...

How good are LLMs at identifying and tagging metaphors in text? Turns out, pretty good!

In our new study, we ask 10 different open- and closed-source LLMs to label all metaphorical expressions in a dataset of film reviews using <Metaphor> and </Metaphor> XML tags.

arxiv.org/abs/2509.24866

Our position paper on Sociolinguistics for Language Modelling is out!