Stacked area chart of annual premature deaths from household indoor air pollution by region, showing trends from 1990 to 2023 where total deaths fall from about 4.5 million in 1990 to about 3 million in 2023, driven mainly by large reductions in Asia and Africa. Smaller shares come from Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. Data source: IHME, Global Burden of Disease (2025). License: CC BY.
Indoor air pollution causes almost three million premature deaths every year—
Most of the world's poorest people still rely on solid fuels — such as crop waste, dung, wood, and charcoal — for cooking and heating.