Graphical summary of current and emerging therapies for lung cancer. (A) Schematic representation of the current clinical approach to treat non-resectable lung cancer, which does not specifically target the tumour vasculature. These standard strategies often yield suboptimal outcomes, partly due to abnormal, untreated tumour blood vessels impairing drug delivery and immune cell infiltration. SOC, standard-of-care treatment. (B) A conceptual framework (proposed in this Perspective) illustrating emerging therapeutic strategies that combine vascular normalisation or promotion with ICIs. The aim of these vascular modulation approaches is to correct tumour vascular dysfunction, alleviate hypoxia, and enhance both drug delivery and the immune response, thereby improving clinical outcomes in non-resectable lung cancer patients. Created in BioRender by Castillo-Kauil, A., 2026. https://BioRender.com/nmgf1w1. This figure was sublicensed under CC-BY 4.0 terms.
In their Perspective, Jozafina Haj-Shomaly, Alejandro Castillo-Kauil, Carla Bloom, Kairbaan Hodivala-Dilke and Gabriela D'Amico discuss how leveraging cell biology can improve immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic strategies in lung cancer therapy.
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