Mechanism of action of different classes of antifungals. AmB is Amphotericin B; cAmB is the encochleated form of Amphotericin B; L-AmB is liposomal Amphotericin B. Created in BioRender. Giuliano, S. (2025)

Liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent with a more favorable safety profile than conventional amphotericins. What are the clinical situations in which it might be most useful? This #ClinMicroRev article offers insights: asm.social/2RV

Factors contributing to chronic disease states associated with fungal infections: pathogen factors (i.e., organismspecific characteristics of disease-causingfungi), host factors (i.e., intrinsic biological characteristics of an infected organism), and clinical factors (external healthcare- and diagnosis-related elements) mayall contribute to an increased likelihood of fungal infection resulting in a chronic disease state.

Certain chronic diseases can increase the risk of invasive fungal infections. However, how fungal infections contribute to the development or exacerbation of chronic diseases is less clear. This #ClinMicroRev article explores what we know: asm.social/2R8

Fig 1 Culture of an Inquilinus limosus strain isolated from the respiratory tract of cystic fibrosis patient. The strain was plated on five commercial agar media and incubated for 24 hours to 72 hours at 35°C.

#MicrobiologyMonday: Inquilinus limosus is a nonfermentative gram-negative rod & emerging pathogen, particularly in chronic respiratory disease. This #ClinMicroRev article summarizes what we know & still need to learn about this underestimated organism: asm.social/2Lm

Application of cells and cytokines in TB and DR-TB.

Despite the success of existing anti-TB drugs in controlling transmission, significant challenges remain. Future strategies should explore the potential of cell-based therapies, suggests this #ClinMicroRev article: asm.social/2L5

Fig 1 Salmonella survival inside the host cells using different pathogenicity island genes.

How does Salmonella survive in the gut? This #ClinMicroRev article shines light on the environmental and physiological factors that influence survival of resistant Salmonella under infection-related conditions in the gut. Read now: asm.social/2JM

The TB treatment pipeline. (A) TB drug development pipeline (regardless of TB drug susceptibility), adapted from the Stop TB Partnership Working Group on New TB Drugs with permission; regimen combinations under trial are not presented here. *Trial on DS-TB only but has potential in vitro activity against DR-TB strains. (B) Individualized advanced therapeutic and precision medicine approaches with potential to revolutionize DR-TB treatment.

In #ClinMicroRev: a review of the global epidemiology of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB), the strategic context of its transmissibility, prevention, diagnosis and treatment, plus an analysis quantifying the global post DR-TB disease health burden. asm.social/2GW

Swarming phenotypes of different Proteus isolates on blood agar. Shown is the phenotype of colonies after 24 h. (A) Non-swarming isolate of P. hauseri sampled from dog feces, (B) bull’s-eye pattern of swarming P. terrae sampled from water, (C and E) root-like structures seen in swarming P. terrae sampled from water, (D) P. terrae sampled from dog feces swarming irregularly, and (F) unilateral, thin swarming layer produced by P. terrae isolate from dog feces.

#MicrobiologyMonday: Proteus spp. are frequent causes of urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Several new Proteus spp. have been described, but their pathogenic potential is unclear. Get an update on these ubiquitous bacteria in #ClinMicroRev: asm.social/2AS

Toxocara spp. egg. Reprinted from reference 27 (CDC DPDx).

Human toxocariasis is a zoonotic parasitic infection caused by the larvae of dog & cat roundworms. A comprehensive review in #ClinMicroRev analyzes existing research to provide a detailed and updated understanding of this globally important infection. asm.social/2vi

(A) Histoplasma immunodiffusion. Well G contains H. capsulatum antigen; Wells A and D contain positive control antisera; Well E is the negative control; Wells B, C, and F are patient samples, of which Well C is positive for the M-band. (B) Immunodiffusion cartoon showing a band of identity (a), a band of nonidentity (b), and a band of partial identity (c).

This new #ClinMicroRev review offers an in-depth, focused assessment of contemporary serologic and antigen detection methods for the common dimorphic fungal pathogens, and summarizes utilization guidance for these methods. Read the review: asm.social/2rI

Probiotic mechanisms against H. pylori and C. difficile infection and epithelial cell damage in the human gut. (a) Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. inhibit H. pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells by suppressing adhesin and urease expression in vitro and in vivo. (b) Probiotics produce protease that may degrade C. difficile toxins. (c) Probiotic-secreted antibacterial peptides, such as bacteriocin and reuterin, inhibit C. difficile proliferation. (d) Bifidobacterium longum-produced lactate inhibits C. difficile ATP synthesis by reducing NAD+ required for proton gradient generation. (e) B. longum-produced proline up-regulates NAD+, repressing butyrate-induced toxin production. (f) Amuc_1409, secreted by Akkermansia muciniphila, enhances intestinal stem cell regeneration, improving barrier integrity (40). Created with BioRender.

How effective are probiotics? Emerging evidence supports the efficacy of specific probiotic strains and combinations in treating a wide range of disorders, from gut and liver diseases to dermatological conditions. Get the full story in #ClinMicroRev: asm.social/2oX

Relationship between bladder microbiota and BCG immunotherapy

#MicrobiologyMonday: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a non-virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is used to treat non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Why some patients are resistant is unclear, but the bladder microbiota may play a role. #ClinMicroRev journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...

Interactions of gut metabolome with host immunity.

Transplant recipients require lifelong, multimodal immunosuppression to prevent rejection. This #ClinMicroRev article explores the concept of “immunosuppressant imprecision,” which focuses on metabolic/microbial effects of immunosuppressive therapies. asm.social/2jO

Timeline of potential infections after pig-to-human organ xenotransplantation. Standard immunosuppression for organ transplantation is associated with a predictable pattern of human infections over time based on the intensity of immune deficits and epidemiological exposures. A similar pattern of infectious risk is expected following xenotransplantation. Introduction of newer immunosuppressive agents for induction or maintenance therapy (e.g., costimulatory blockade, cytokine inhibition, complement inhibitors) is expected to alter the risk of various infections over time.

Xenotransplantation—transplantation of organs, tissues or cells between species—could help address the shortage of human organs for patients with end-stage organ failure. How should infectious risks be managed? This #ClinMicroRev article offers insights. asm.social/2hU

Reported henipavirus outbreaks in different countries from 1994 to 2022. Summary of geographic locations and year of report for henipavirus outbreaks involving human cases for Hendra virus (yellow—Australia), Nipah virus strain Malaysia (red—Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines), and Nipah virus strain Bangladesh (blue—India and Bangladesh).

Henipaviruses, like Hendra virus and Nipah virus, were first identified 30 years ago and have since been associated with over 30 outbreaks of disease in humans. Learn about henipavirus epidemiology, ecology, disease and more in #ClinMicroRev: journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/...