Lipid droplets (LDs) are key organelles of cellular lipid homeostasis. They exhibit a remarkable dynamic plasticity in molecular composition, number, localization, and appearance. This LD heterogeneity occurs at multiple levels, resulting in the formation of specific subpopulations that differ across intracellular space, between neighboring cells of the same or different types, and between healthy and diseased conditions. The surface of LDs consists of a phospholipid monolayer with associated enzymes as well as structural and regulatory proteins. The LD surface not only represents the critical interface between the neutral lipid core and the surrounding aqueous cellular environment, but is also a fundamental determinant of LD heterogeneity. This is clearly evident by the selective association of specific proteins to different LD subpopulations. Additional factors determining LD heterogeneity include the formation of contact sites with other organelles, the presence of different neutral lipid classes, LD-LD clustering or dispersion, differences in LD size and number, and the interaction of pathogenic agents with specific LD subpopulations.
#LipidDroplets (LDs) are key organelles of cellular lipid homeostasis. They exhibit a remarkable dynamic plasticity in molecular composition, number, localization, and appearance.