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20/20 I concluded that borough detectives were generally professional, adaptive and innovative. One of the best examples is Detective Jerome Caminada of the Manchester Police, whose crimebusting career inspired me to do my PhD 👉 www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/The-Real-She... #Top20 #detectivehistory

19/20 I found that crime scene sketches, plans and models were used by detectives from the 1880s in murder trials. They became increasingly complex and were used not only as an aide-mémoire for the jury, but they also had an investigative function #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

18/20 There was evidence of scientific blood testing in regional homicide depositions from the early 1900s. In 1914 in Liverpool, analysis of the bloodstained clothing of two suspects determined which one was guilty of the murder of their colleague. #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

17/20 Liverpool Police began experimenting with police dogs in 1911, when they bought six Airedale terriers, which were apparently as efficient as bloodhounds in tracking suspects but less costly. However, they were mainly used as a deterrent #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

16/20 An early CSI tool was foot printing. The police mostly took wax castings of prints but sometimes simply compared the actual print with a suspect’s boot! I came across some discussion of new methods in the 1890s but they stuck with the old way #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

15/20 Borough detectives used public and private analysts for chemical testing from the 1870s, for a range of cases including arson, explosives and murder. They did not use these services systematically but selected them for specific investigations #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

Bottle labelled poison

14/20 In my study of murder trials, I discovered an early example of CSI in a poisoning case in Liverpool in 1860. Evidence was collected and preserved by a detective. It was labelled and then stored in the detective storeroom before being analysed #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

Old police fingerprint kit in a leather pouch.

13/20 Fingerprinting was introduced into borough police forces in the early 1900s. In Birmingham, it was first used in a burglary case in 1905. There were two suspects, and fingerprints on window glass confirmed the identity of the perpetrator #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

12/20 Some borough police forces, such as Manchester City Police from 1895, used the anthropometric system, created by French criminologist Alphonse Bertillon, for measuring repeat offenders, before it was superseded by fingerprinting in the early 1900s #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

11/20 Cameras were introduced into borough police forces in the 1850s, and were mainly used to photograph offenders for compiling criminal records. In my study of regional murder trial depositions, crime scene photography appeared in the early 1900s #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

Old telegraph receiver

9/20 The telegraph was installed in the Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham Police in the 1860s. Despite this innovation, they continued using the route form (written message) as their main means of communication for the rest of the 19th century #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

8/20 I found evidence of borough detectives making prison visits to improve their local knowledge and memory skills. This practice was variable and, in 1873, Head Constable Greig said it was not necessary in Liverpool due to their criminal records #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

7/20 My research confirmed that borough police detectives mostly used traditional investigative methods, such as information gathering, surveillance and local knowledge, to track and arrest suspects for a wide range of offences from theft to murder #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

Detective officer's memorandum book

6/20 The borough detective office was the central hub of operations. There were strict procedures for managing crime investigation, including monitoring detectives, processing suspects and preserving evidence #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

5/20 Borough police detectives were recruited internally. They were selected and promoted based on merit, and there was informal training from the early years of the new police. This included shadowing more experienced colleagues and visiting courts #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

Old photo with group of police detectives.

4/20 I calculated the number of detective police officers in Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham. In 1873, the ratio of detectives to uniformed officers was far higher in these boroughs than in the Met. #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

Police officer in uniform.

3/20 The detective superintendent, such as John Maybury Manchester Police, was the linchpin of the borough detective office. With the dual role of administrator and investigator, this rank was crucial to the effectiveness of the detective department. #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

2/20 I found that some borough head constables, regardless of whether they had policing experience or not, had an interest in detective work, and introduced lots of initiatives in crime investigation. Some, who had been detectives, did not! #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory

Manchester town hall

Detective office door

1/20 I was delighted to discover that the detective department of the Manchester City Police was created in 1839, which predates Scotland Yard by three years! From 1877, the detective office was in the town hall, which is now being renovated. #PhD #Top20 #detectivehistory