Cenozoic evolution of wet season (months when ΔTT > 0) a mean land rainfall averaged over South Asian region (70°E–110°E; 5°N–30°N); accumulated upper tropospheric temperature gradient (ΔTT); atmospheric CO2 levels (right y-axis). The TP area above 3.5 km elevation in the 70°E–105°E, 25°N–45°N domain is shown in the pink shade with the right y-axis. b Mean column-integrated moisture in 40°E–160°E, 15°S–30°N domain (left y-axis); vertical velocity at 500 hPa (ω500) averaged over 70°E–110°E, 5°N–30°N; relative SST (tropical mean subtracted) in the northern Neotethys/Indian Ocean (40°E–120°E, 5°N–30°N); and tropical (30°S–30°N) mean surface temperature (right y-axis). The correlation between rainfall and the variables are mentioned in parenthesis. The Y-axis colors and labels are matched to their respective curves. c Normalized Mass Accumulation Rate (MAR) from combined Mekong, Pearl, and Red river fans, and Indus river fan. MAR values are normalized by their own standard deviation. The minimum and maximum ranges are shaded around the curves. The timeline of the different geological stages is shown along the top x-axis, while the geological stages, epochs, and periods of the Cenozoic era are indicated along the bottom x-axis.
#WeekendReading: Abhik et al. on the evolution of the Asian summer #monsoon through the Cenozoic era. It's mostly models (s.h., numerical experiments), but still offers an interesting set of hypotheses. 🧪🌊
Link: www.nature.com/articles/s41...