The PZL.37 Łoś was a modern Polish twin-engine medium bomber developed in the late 1930s, regarded at the time as one of the most advanced aircraft of its type in Europe. Designed by the Państwowe Zakłady Lotnicze (PZL) aircraft works in Warsaw, it was meant to replace the aging Potez 25 and PZL.23 Karaś light bombers in the Polish Air Force. The project was initiated in the early 1930s under lead designer Jerzy Dąbrowski, with the aim of producing a fast, all-metal bomber with good range and payload. The prototype, first flown in December 1936, demonstrated impressive performance that compared favourably to contemporary foreign designs such as the British Fairey Battle and the French Amiot 143. The aircraft featured a sleek, low-wing monoplane configuration with retractable landing gear, a stressed-skin duralumin structure, and an internal bomb bay capable of carrying up to 2,580 kg of bombs. Production began in 1938 with two main versions: the single-fin PZL.37A and the improved twin-fin PZL.37B. A total of around 120 examples were built before the outbreak of the Second World War. Operationally, the Łoś entered service with Polish bomber squadrons in 1938 and by September 1939 equipped four bomber groups. At the outbreak of the German invasion, the aircraft was among the most modern assets available to the Polish Air Force. Despite its advanced design, the Łoś faced several critical disadvantages: Poland’s airfields were quickly targeted and destroyed by the Luftwaffe, severely limiting bomber operations; crews had insufficient time to train on the new type; and escort fighter protection was inadequate. Nevertheless, the Łoś flew a number of combat missions during the September Campaign, striking advancing German columns, bridges, and supply lines. Its relatively heavy bomb load and high speed allowed it to achieve some successes, though losses were heavy due to concentrated anti-aircraft fire and German fighter attacks.
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