#Medsky🧪 #IDSky #pedsky #Immnunosky #Drugsdelivery #microsky #publichealth The Study provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in #humanmetapneumovirus (HMPV) vaccine & #monoclonalantibody development.
Figure 1. (A), an illustration of mRNA structure. (B): The mechanism of mRNA vaccine in vivo. 1. After injection, the LNP-encapsulated vaccine is internalized by APCs like dendritic cells and macrophages through endocytosis. 2. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA is released to be translated into a tumour-specific antigen in the ribosome. 3. The synthesized antigens are processed into peptide fragments by the proteosome. 4. The peptide fragments are loaded on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. MHC class I molecules present the peptides to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while MHC class II molecules present them to CD4+ helper T cells. 5. The interactions between MHC-antigen complexes and T cell receptors (TCRs) activate T cells, which target and destroy tumour cells expressing the same antigen. The MHC II-antigen complex activates helper T cells, which in turn activate B cells. 6. The interaction between helper T cells activates the B cell for antibody production, and/or the B cell recognizes tumour-specific antigen on the cell surface and forms a complex via B cell receptors (BCRs) to activate B cells and lead to the production of antibodies.
Summary of current innovations in mRNA vaccine design. 1. Structural optimization of mRNA to enhance packaging and delivery. 2. New methods aimed at improving delivery systems over the traditional lipid nanoparticles, such as the use of exosome/peptide, ionizable lipids for easy processing, and the release of mRNA molecules upon injection. 3. Self-amplifying mRNA (sa-mRNA) for lower dose requirement of mRNA vaccine, as the incorporated molecules like zapomeran help to produce more copies of mRNA. 4. Thermostability is another strategy to overcome the need for low temperature for the storage and transportation of mRNA-LNPs vaccines. These vaccines are stable at temperatures of about 2–8 °C. 5. Personalized and targeted vaccines based on patients’ genetic profiles. 6. Adjuvant integration of additional molecules like cytokines or a combination of vaccines with traditional immune blockade therapies.
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M12 Drug Interaction Studies
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#LongCovid sequelas that may now represent greater future challenges for healthcare systems & patient quality of life.
RNA is in vitro transcribed with nucleoside bases that include N-1-methylpseudouridine, which substitutes for unmodified uridine. The synthesized mRNA is capped, purified, and encapsulated into a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), which includes an ionizable lipid. Upon intramuscular injection, the LNP enters the endosomes of cells, and the RNA is released into the cytoplasm where it is translated into protein. The inclusion of the N-1-methylpseudouridine, 5′ cap, sequence optimization, and purification reduce innate immune activation and translational inhibition. The LNP has adjuvant activity that includes induction of IL-1β and IL-6. Transfected cells translate the mRNA into protein, which is subsequently processed and loaded on major histocompatibility molecules and presented to T cells or presented on the cell surface for recognition by B cells. Figure created with BioRender.com, generated by A. Amabile (Mount Sinai).
MedSky🧪 #Drugsdelivery #Drugsdevelopment #IDsky RNA Vaccines .A step at the time in educating the immune system @ImmunityCP
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