APA Style FAQ Q: How do you form the possessive with a narrative citation? Where does the apostrophe "s" go? A: Add the apostrophe and "s" to the name or names, before the year in parentheses. Examples: Tuckman's (1965) article Valeri and VanderWeele's (2013) study Podsakoff et al.'s (2003) findings APA's (2025) survey

Narrative in-text citations often use a possessive form. But where to place the apostrophe "s"? In this #APAStyleFAQ, you'll find the answer along with examples, even for citations with "et al."

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Q: Can I cite a quote from a YouTube video? A: Yes! In the in-text citation, where you would include a page number for a quote from a written work, include the time stamp instead. Use the time for the beginning of the quotation. Use this guideline from Publication Manual (7th ed.) Section 8.28 to quote from other audiovisual works too, including TV shows, podcast episodes, audiobooks, and streaming videos. Example: Instead of “(Espinoza, 2026, p. 15)” you would write “(Espinoza, 2026, 1:41)” to indicate the time when the quote begins.

The guidance in this APA Style FAQ comes from Section 8.28 of the Publication Manual (7th ed.): "Direct Quotation of Material Without Page Numbers."

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APA Style FAQ Q: In a reference list, how do you order entries that begin with surnames including spaces (e.g., "van den Boomen" or "de Onís")? A: In the list, order references alphabetically, comparing the name of each first author letter by letter, disregarding spaces. Example: van den Boomen, C., … van der Kleij, S. W., … Vanderwal, T., … Van Overwalle, F., …

The guidance in this #APAStyle FAQ comes from Section 9.44 of the Publication Manual (7th ed.): "Order of Works in the Reference List."

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APA Style FAQ Q: In a reference, if an article's title ends with a question mark, should you also include the period that usually ends the title element? A: Don't add a period. The question mark replaces the usual period. Example: Peng, D., Iqbal, Z., & Zentall, T. R. (2026). Ephemeral reward task: Why is it so difficult for pigeons to learn it? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition, 52(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/xan0000397 (In the image, there is a circle drawing attention to the question mark that appears after the word "it" and before the beginning of the journal's title.)

This FAQ is about punctuation in references. Each element of #APAStyle references (i.e., the author, date, title, and source) usually ends with a period.

👉 An exception is when the title element ends in a question mark, as in this example.

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APA Style FAQ: What formatting should I use when writing about letters or words? A: Use quotation marks "to refer to a letter, word, phrase, or sentence as a linguistic example or as itself." This guideline is from Publication Manual (7th ed.) Section 6.7. Examples: the letter "e" We highlighted the words "yes" and no." and The word "Monday" begins with the letter "M."

When writing about writing (i.e., writing about letters, words, phrases, sentences, and so forth), careful formatting helps the reader understand your meaning. In this week's FAQ, we address the question of how to format letters or words (use quotation marks).

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APA Style FAQ Q: I have one reference in my paper. Can I use the section label “Reference” instead of “References”? A: Yes! For example: Reference Farmer, R. L., Lockwood, A. B., Goforth, A., & Thomas, C. (2025). Artificial intelligence in practice: Opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerations. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 56(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000595 Section labels are formatted in bold and centered at the top of the page where a section begins, per Section 2.28 of the Publication Manual (7th ed.).

#APAStyle FAQ: Can I use the section label "Reference" instead of "References"?

This guideline can also be found in our Creating an APA Style Reference List Guide, which is available as a free handout at on.apa.org/APA-Style-gu...

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