A complex interaction of positive and negative feedback mechanisms linking centers of the limbic system to hypothalamic nuclei explains the adaptive response of the hypothalamic–pituitary thyroid loop in type 2 allostasis resulting from psychosocial stress situations (355, 356, 358, 359). ARC, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CRH, corticotrophin-releasing hormone; DA, dopamine; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; LC, locus coeruleus; NAcc, nucleus accumbens; OT, oxytocin; VTA, ventral tegmental area.

Complex networks linking #amygdala, #BNST & #hypothalamus mediate type 2 #Thyroid_Allostasis in #PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) & #PsychiatricDisease

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The adaptive response of the hypothalamic–pituitary thyroid axis to exercise is heterogeneous, depending on duration and intensity of training and on the interval between exercise and laboratory investigations (27). This diversity may result from pre-analytical factors (e.g., hemoconcentration) and from an overlap of type 1 and type 2 allostatic load. (A) Exhausting exercise. (B) Endurance training.

#Sports & #exercise cause type 1 and type 2 #Thyroid_Allostasis, depending on duration, kind & intensity of #training.

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Fetal and maternal thyroid homeostasis are dovetailed to optimize conditions for both organisms. (A) After maturation of the feedback loop in the 20th week of gestation, fetal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations and step-down deiodination via D3 are temporarily increased, while step-up deiodination is decreased. This results in a pattern of markedly reduced T3 concentrations and elevated rT3 levels. Black and red arrows indicate the difference compared to normal, homeostatic conditions in healthy newborns and adults. (B) Pregnancy is accompanied by a characteristic “anti-NTIS”-like constellation of thyroid homeostasis including high concentrations of T3 and T4, step-up hyperdeiodination and increased binding of thyroid hormones to plasma proteins.

Type 1 #Thyroid_Allostasis in fetal life and type 2 #allostasis in #pregnancy align maternal & fetal metabolism.

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In starvation, both step-up deiodination (via D1 and D2) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release are reduced, leading to low-T4 and low-T3 constellations. rT3 concentrations may be increased. Black and red arrows indicate the direction of change from normal, homeostatic conditions in fed state.

Low #T3 and high reverse T3 mark the endocrine signature of #Thyroid_Allostasis in #starvation. #rT3 #Leptin

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Table: Comparison of demographic factors, thyroid function and structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis among psychiatric patients and controls

#SPINA_GD is reduced in major #depression, #bipolar disorder and #schizophrenia, whereas #SPINA_GT is elevated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, marking a unique profile of #thyroid_allostasis. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38277991/ doi.org/10.1016/j.ps...